EPA Document Collection

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About the EPA document collection held by the Noise Pollution Clearinghouse.

Subject Index: A B C E G H I L M O P R S T U W
Title Index: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W #

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Most useful EPA documents

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Manufacturing and Industrial
Metering and Measurement
Motorcycles

Metering and Measurement

The 700 Series - Sound Level Meters/Dosimeters
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The 870 Environmental Noise Analyzer
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Longitudinal Study of Human Hearing: Its Relationship to Noise and Other Factors - II. Results From the First Three Years
Alexander F. Roche; John H. Hines; Roger M. Siervogel; Daniel L. Johnson
November 1979
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Analyses have been made of serial data from children aged 6 to 18 years; these data relate to auditory thresholds and noise exposure obtained from questionanaires and dosimetry records. For these children, there are serial data for body size, maturity, otological histories and inspections, and medical histories. The mean thresholds tend to be lower than audiometric zero (ANSI-1969) except at the higher frequencies. Girls tend to have lower thresholds than boys at all ages. The thresholds tend to decrease with age and to be higher whent here are abnormal otological findings. The changes in thresholds (increments) for 6-month periods are normally distributed with means near zero except at the higher frequencies where the changes are in the direction of poorer hearing. This effect is more marked in the older children. The data from the questionnaires indicate total noise exposure increases with age, particularly in boys. However, these estimates of daily noise exposure are not closely correlated with dosimetry data. Auditory thresholds are higher for those exposed to particular sorts of noise with the strongest trends being for those exposed to loud T.V. or power tools. Rapid maturation and stature are associated with lower thresholds. Also, systolic blood pressure is significantly correlated with thresholds but this association is positive in boys and negative in girls.

Development of Noise Measurement Techniques for New Trucks
R.A. Hedeen; R.S. Norman; J.W. Kopec
January 1980
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The current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency specification for new truck models requires a passby noise measurement for certification. Since passby tests can be influenced by wind, rain, humidity, ground condition, driver performance, truck position, and engine operation, other measurement techniques have been suggested. The idle-maximum-idle (IMI) test for a stationary vehicle is one possible alternative. To date, comparisons between passby and stationary tests have been incomplete. Therefore, the objective of Phase 1 of this program was to establish an accurate data base for comparison of different measurement techniques. For this initial study, a small vehicle was chosen to simulate a larger truck. The smaller vehicle was easier to modify and more compatible with existing facilities. General Motors selected and supplied the appropriate vehicle for measurement: a 1979 Chevrolet Chevette.GM engineers also selected four methods to modify the vehicle so that its noise signature was substantially changed. This vehicle, with appropriate modified parts, was then shipped to IITRI's Riverbank Laboratory in Geneva, Illinois (50 miles west of Chicago). Our staf made acoustical measurements on the vehicle in its five configurations under the following conditions. 1. EPA passby test, 2. IMI measurements outdoors in a free field environment, 3. IMI measurements in Riverbank Reverberation Room No. 2, 4. IMI measurements in Riverbank Reverberation Room No. 5. Based on the favorable results with the Chevette measurements, three heavy-duty truck tractors were sent to the Riverbank facility and measured in Room 5. In the following sections, results are presented for the two series of measurements.

Appendix A, Highway Construction Noise Field Measurements, Site 4: I-75 (Florida)
William R. Fuller; Ron Brown
June 1981
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This study investigated the noise associated with highway construction activities. It involved the identification and examination of: highway construction activities, noise characteristics associated with highway construction activities, availability of highway construction noise abatement measures, demonstration of construction site noise abatement measures, and development of a computer-based model for use as a tool to predict the noise impact of construction activities and to plan mitigation measures. The model was developed for use on the FHWA computer (IBM 360). A total of seven reports were prepared in this study and have been released fro public distribution. Reports (Part D through Part G) contain field data gathered at the field demonstrations at highway construction sites in: Route I-201, California; I-205, Oregon; I-95/I-395, Maryland; and I-75, Florida. They contain noise data on single and multiple pieces of equipment, provide general description of highway site activities, and activity analyses of equipment.

Sound Levels From Oil and Gas Exploration Activities
James D. Foch; Richard E. Burks
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Data from a sound measurement survey consucted in 1981 within and in the vicinity of Glacier National park are analyzed and presented. Measurements were made of oil and gas seismic exploration activities in Flathead National Forest and Helena National Forest, including sounds from above ground blasts, helicopters and associated activities. Typical reference sound levels are identified for above ground blasts and helicopters, and theoretical procedures for estimating their propagation are developed, considering terrain and meteorological conditions characteristic of Glacier National Park. A sample application of the prediction method shows sound levels from above ground blasts outside the Park remain significantly above ambient levels at locations inside the Park for long durations. These results corroborate anecdotal reports and biological studies which indicate that sound from oil and gas exploration activities can be heard well inside the Park and could be affecting sensitive wildlife populations in the area. Recommendations for additional monitoring and modeling are outlined.

American National Standard - Methods for the Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels
July 1971
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Truck and Component Nois Levels - Final Report
March 1979
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Among the challenges of developing a quiet truck, the problems associated with location, identification, and measurement of component source levels are the most difficult. Various approaches have been utilized by truck and component manufacturers. Each approach is limited by either technical or cost constraints. Two major approaches have been investigated. These are: Coherence: Near and far-field microphones are used to compute the contribution of a source by subtracting the near-field levels from the far-field measurement. Selective Operation: This method requires the silencing of all major sources by lead wrapping and installation of super quiet mufflers and air induction systems. After baseline measurements are obtained, individual components are restored to the original configuration for measurement of the noise level of that component. A technical problem is associated with the coherence method. When the near-field microphone is placed near one component (i.e. muffler) other components (engine, fan, etc.) are nearby and can contribute to the near-field level. As a result the calculated component source level may be in error. The method of selective operation is, or course, time consuming and expensive because of the requirement to develop enclosures, mufflers, and air induction systems, and the need to conduct extensive before and after tests of each component. A new approach is discussed in this report. This approach utilizes: a.) a directive array of microphones for location and measurement sources; and, b.) near-field probes for the identification of the specific source. In particular the report contains a discussion of the directive array approach and the near-field probe approach. Section 2.0 provides a discussion of the test procedures for component source measurement. The measurement technique has been applied in a test of one truck in order to measure component noise levels as a function of speed and load. Section 3.0 provides a discussion of a test of a Ford heavy-duty tractor. The truck is a model CLT 9000, with a Cummins NTC 350 engine, dual STEMCO mufflers, a viscous fan clutch, and a 13-speed Road Ranger transmission. In addition, Section 3.0 provides a detailed description of the truck, dynamometer, test equipment, test methodology, and the test results. Section 4.0 provides the conclusions and recommendations.

Evaluation of a Simulated Road Texture for the Testing of Tire/Road Noise
Eric Stusnick; Kenneth J. Platkin
March 1982
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As part of a project to study tire/road noise, a laboratory roadwheel facility was equipped with replica road surfaces. The replica surfaces, of a design first developed by Dunlop, Ltd., consisted of fiberglass and epoxy resin shells clamped to the roadwheel. The outer surface of each shell was molded from a rubber impression taken from a real road surface, thus replicating the texture. To evaluate the effect of pavement texture, and to establish the realism of the replica surfaces, a series of near-field measurements of noise from four heavy truck tires were made on the replica surfaces and on moving tests on the real surfaces. Moving tests on a flat steel surface were also made. Data from these same tires on a smooth steel roadwheel were available from a previous program. A comparison between these three sets of data shows that the replica surface provides a good simulation of real pavement, and is more realistic than a plain steel drum. The conclusion was also reached that in laboratory facilities it is more important to duplicate the road texture than the curvature of the surface.

Sound Procedures for Measuring Highway Noise: Final Report
William Bowlby
August 1981
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This revised manual presents noise measurement procedures for use by Federal, State, or local transportation departments. Methods are included for the measurement of traffic/existing sound levels, vehicle sound levels, barrier field insertion loss, non-traffic noise source sound levels, construction equipment noise, building noise reduction, and worker noise exposure. The required instrumentation, test site restrictions, step by step measurement procedures, and computational methods are included. This revision incorporates two measurement procedures issued after the interim report was published: "Determination of Reference Energy Mean Emission Levels," Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Report No. FHWA-OEP/HEV-78-1, which replaces chapter 4, and "Determination of Noise Barrier Effectiveness," FHWA Report No. FHWA-OEP/HEV-80-1, which replaces chapter 5.

Environmental Noise Measurements on Interstate 57 During and After Strike
P.D. Schomer; B.L. Homans
June 1974
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Noise and traffic-count data were recorded and analyzed during and immediately after a nationwide strike of independent truckers. This report presents statistical noise levels, equivalent sound level (Leq), and day-night level (Ldn) for a two-week data-gathering period. From these results, it is possible to infer the truck contribution to highway noise.

Community Noise Assessment Manual - Startegy Guidelines for Developing a Community Noise Control Program
August 1979
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In response to Congressional mandates, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, has funded the development of a series of manuals, prepared by Wyle Laboratories, to support a Quiet Cities Program. The first of these manuals, entitled "Community Noise Assessment Manual - Social Survey Workbook," provided detailed instructions for conducting an attitudinal survey on noise in a community. The second manual, entitled "Community Noise Assessment Manual - Acoustical Survey," provided detailed practical procedures for conducting a noise measurement survey in a community. This manual, the third in this series, is designed to assist local governments in making logical and cost-effective decisions on the allocation of funds to reduce the adverse effects of noise in their communities. To make maximum use of the material in this document, a community will have utilized the preceding manuals, or their equivalents, to obtain detailed data on the noise environment, and attitudes toward this environment, in their community. However, this manual also stands alone in that it contains many useful guidelines and procedures which a community can utilize to decide on the most efficient allocation of effort and funds directed toward preserving the natural resource - quiet - in their community.

Population Distribution of the United States as a Function of Outdoor Noise Level - Volume 2
June 1974
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This appendix provides a description of each of the 100 measurement sites utilized during this project. The computer output listings for each of the sites are also presented. Data are presented by city, in alphabetical order. Figures B-1 through B-14 show maps of the fourteen cities in which noise measurements were obtained. On each map the specific measurement locations are indicated. Figures B-15 through B-114 provide data for each of the sites. The first page of each figure, labeled Figure B-xx(a) provides a physical description of the site. A photo and vicinity map are shown, and the address, population density, and measured Ldn value are given. Also listed are various parameters of the traffic flow in the general vicinity of the site. The street on which the site is located, and the street in the vicinity of the site, are both classified into one of four categories: freeway, arterial, collector, and local. Also indicated are the types of vehicles that traverse these streets. Noise sources other than traffic that affect the noise environment at the site are also listed. The second page of the figure, labeled Figure B-xx(b), lists various statistics and noise levels for each hour of the day. Tabulated are the maximum and minimum values occurring during the hour, the noise pollution level (NPL), the standard deviation (SIG) of the distribution of levels occurring during the hour, the L-equivalent level (LEQ), and the traffic noise index (TNI). Various percentile levels ranging from L1 to L99 are also listed. Similar noise measures are tabulated for the daytime (0700-2200 hrs.) and nighttime (2200-0700 hrs.) periods on the final page, labeled Figure B-xx(c). Plotted at the top of this page is the distribution of levels for the daytime and nighttime periods. Also, the weighted 24-hour L-equivalent value, with weighting factors of 0, 8, 10, and 12 decibels for the nighttime period, are listed. Note that the weighted L-equivalent value for a weighting factor of 10 decibels is the day/night sound level (Ldn).

Community Noise Fundamentals: A Training Manual
P.L. Michael; W.T. Achor; G.R. Bienvenue; D.M. Dejoy; R.L. Kerlin; A.H. Kohut; J.H. Prout
March 1979
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This manual is designed as a reference to be used by persons involved in community noise programs. Basic information is provided on topics ranging from the basics of sound and hearing to noise measurement and control to rules and regulations. Guidelines are provided for the user to select sections related to particular community noise program tasks.

Helicopter Noise Exposure Curves for Use in Environmental Impact Assessment
J. Steven Newman; Edward J. Rickley; Tyrone L. Bland
November 1982
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The FAA has been conducting controlled helicopter noise measurement programs since 1976. The data have been used for a variety of purposes, including evaluation of proposed U.S. and international noise standards and validation of helicopter noise prediction methodologies. This report documents the results of FAA measurement programs conducted in 1976, 1978, and 1980 in a single report with data formatted specifically for environmental impact analyses. In recognition of growing public concern over potentially adverse noise impact associated with helicopter operations, the FAA encourages helicopter and heliport operators to analyze noise impact as part of the normal heliport planning process. The data base contained in this report provides the noise input information necessary to develop helicopter noise exposure footprints or contours using a computer such as the FAA Integrated Noise Model (INM).

The Design of a Low Cost Sound Level Meter
John D. Griffiths
April 1974
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Conventional sound level meters generally use precision ceramic microphones and discrete solid state circuitry. This report describes a design using an electret microphone and integrated circuit operational amplifiers. The advantages of this design are low cost, ease of manufacture, stable gain, and low power consumption. Construction details are included to permit local manufacture. The complete instrument is capable of meeting the ???2, General Purpose Sound Level Meter, requirements of ANSI S1.4-1971, American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters.

Analysis of Helicopter Noise Data Using International Helicopter Noise Certification Standards
J. Steven Newman; Edward J. Rickley; Dennis A. Levanduski; Susan B. Woolridge
March 1986
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This report documents the results of a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) noise measurement flight test program involving seven helicopters and establishes noise levels using the basic testing, reduction and analysis procedures specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for helicopter noise certification supplemented with some procedural refinements contained in ICAO Working Group II recommendations for incorporation into the standard. The helicopters analyzed in this report include the Hughes 500 D/E, the Aerospatiale AS 350D (AStar), the Aerospatiale AS 355F (TwinStar), the Aerospatiale SA 365 (Dauphin), the Bell 222 Twin Jet, the Boeing Vertol 234/CH 47-D, and the Sikorsky S-76. The document discusses the volution of international helicopter noise certification procedures and describes in detail the data acquisition, reduction and adjustment procedures. Noise levels are plotted versus the logarithm of maximum gross takeoff weight and are shown relative to the ICAO noise level limits. Data from the ICAO Committee on Aircraft Noise (CAN) Seventh meeting "request for data" are also presented. Reference testing and operational data are provided for each helicopter.

Noise Barrier Attenuation: Field Experience
Myles A. Simpson
February 1976
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A noise measurement program was undertaken at ten field sites at which a variety of noise barriers have been constructed, in order to compare measured values of barrier attenuation with analytical projections. Barrier types included in the study were concrete, masonry and wooden walls, and berms of various shapes. The measured attenuation values were compared with attenuations predicted by the Kurze-Anderson Infinite Line Source Model of barrier attenuation. The analysis indicated that the model predicts barrier attenuation equally well at all locations behind the barrier. On the average, the model under predicts the measured attenuation by 1 to 2 dB. The model works best for thin vertical walls, while the largest underpredictions generally occur for berms.

Measurements of Railroad Noise-Line Operations, Yard Boundaries, and Retarders
J.M. Fath; D.S. Blomquist; J.M. Heinen; and M. Tarica
December 1974
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A field investigation of noise emission from railroad operations was conducted. The objectives of the study were the establishment of a data base on the noise levels associated with railroad operations, both line (trains in transit) and yard, and the development of measurement procedures that could be utilized in regulations applicable to the noise from rail carrier equipment and facilities. For trains in transit, measurements were made as a function of horizontal distance from the tracks [five locations at 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 feet] and as a function of microphone height [three different heights at the 25 and 50 foot microphone locations]. Train passby data are presented at the maximum A-weighted sound level obvserved during the passby and as Single Event Noise Exposure Levels (both A-weighted and one-third octave band levels). A-weighted sound level measurements were made at the boundary of the railyard, at 0.1 second intervals, for periods of time ranging from 1 to 23 hours over several days. These data are presented as the energy equivalent sound level and the level exceeded ten percent of the time. The directionality of retarder noise was also investigated. Measurements were made of the noise emitted in various directions during retarder operation.

Guidelines for the Preparation of Procedures for the Measurement of Sound Source Emission
December 1978
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This report contains guidelines for the preparation of procedures (standards, test codes, recommended practices, etc.) for measurement of source sound emission. These guidelines are intended to provide the framework for the thought processes to be followed in developing measurement procedures. They do not contain a catalogue of existing procedures nor do they contain a collection of specific requirements. Rather, they outline the general questions and issues which need to be considered by the working group (writing group, subcommittee, etc.) during the development of a measurement procedure.

Guidelines for a Training Program for Audiometric Technicians
Aram Glorig
September 1973
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This course is designed to train audiometric technicians who will conduct pure-tone air conduction tests as part of a program of Hearing Conservation in Noise. A minimum of two days is required for the completion of the course, and a minimum requisite time for each of the topics is indicated in the course outline.

Analog Tape Microsampling of Environmental Noise
Hal Watson Jr.; Riaz M. Sheikh
January 1978
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Noise Measurement of Concorde 02 Approach and Takeoff at Dallas-Ft. Worth and Dulles International Airports
Carole S. Tanner
August 1974
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Noise measurements were made of the Concorde 02 aircraft during operations at Dallas-Ft. Worth and Dulles International Airports in September 1973. Data were acquired at 25 sites surrounding Dallas and 15 sites surrounding Dulles. The results are reported in terms of various noise evaluation measures (A-level, Effective Perceived Noise Level, etc.) and correlated with respect to distance and aircraft/engine operating parameters. Included are representative one0third octave band spectra for takeoff and approach operations at Dulles. A prediction procedure is presented based upon data measured at various distances extrapolated to larger distances by standard methods. The results of the semiempirical predictions indicate that there is no reason to believe that the noise levels measured and reported by the Concorde developers cannot be achieved with the use of noise abatement procedures. However, noise abatement takeoff procedures were not fully utilized at Dulles and, as a result, the measured noise levels exceed the values claimed by the developers.

Pure-Tone Threshold with TDH-49 Earphones
Harrell C. Sutherland; Donald C. Gasaway
June 1972
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Pure-tone thresholds of 24 normal-hearing listeners were determined at 11 audiometric frequencies on two TDH-49 and two TDH-39 earphones. Thresholds were recorded in decibels of sound pressure level, as measured with a National Bureau of Standards type 9-A earphone coupler. Threshold data were used to compute appropriate calibration values for audiometers with TDH-49 earphones, reference Appendix F of ANSI S3.6-1969.

Instructions for Models - 215 Sound Level Meter, OB-45 Octave Band Filter, 215-45 Octave Band Analyzer, PH-35 Peak Hold Module, 215R Remote Micrphone Meter, CA-12 Sound Level Calibrator, RA-100MV Recorder Adaptor and Accessories
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Appendix C, Highway Construction Noise Field Measurements, Site 3: I-95/I-395 (Maryland)
William R. Fuller; Ron Brown
June 1981
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Appendix B, Highway Construction Noise Field Measurements, Site 2: I-205 (Oregon)
William R. Fuller; Ron Brown
June 1981
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Standards on Noise Measurements, Rating Schemes, and Definitions: A Compilation
Thomas L. Quindry
April 1976
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This compilation deals with material assembled from the various standards, industrial and trade organizations, or technical and scientific societies concerned with acoustics. There has been no attempt to review or evaluate the standards, but rather just to list documents covering measurement techniques, calibration methods, definitions, rating schemes, and equipment and product specifications concerned with noise. Those standards dealing solely with ultrasonics, audio equipment, or shock and vibration have not generally been included. The paragraphs describing the standards give a brief summary of intent and/or scope of the standard. In some cases the paragraph is the official description of the standard as issued by the organization or society promulgating the standard, while in others the paragraph merely describes the intent of the standard. Proposed standards are also listed where available. Not listed are proposed revisions of current standards and those which must be reapproved to remain in effect. For the convenience of those readers wishing to purchase copies of standards, names and addresses for the various organizations and/or societies are provided. Federal Regulations directly involving noise measurements are given in Appendix A. Appendix B lists active committees for each organization and names and addresses of appropriate committee chairmen or technical contacts. This compilation includes all information available as of January 1, 1976.

Analytical Studies for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Volume VIII Noise Abatement: Policy Alternatives for Transportation
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The report is organized around two major topics: the range of alternative policy measures for transportation noise abatement and the benefits and costs of abatement. These two topics comprise Parts I and III of the report; Part II covers the measurement of noise, the current pattern of transportation noise and its effects, and the projected future pattern of transportation and the noise associated with it. The committee's recommendations are presented in the latter part of this summary chapter.

Regulatory Analysis for the Noise Emission Regulations for Motorcycles and Motorcycle Exhaust Systems
December 1980
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This document presents the technical data and analyses used by EPA in developing the noise emission regulations fro motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems. The information presented includes a detailed discussion of: the motorcycle and motorcycle exhaust systems industry; baseline noise levels for current motorcycles; the noise control technology available; the adverse health and welfare impacts of motorcycle noise and the potential benefits of regulation; the expected costs and potential economic effects of regulation; and the noise measurement methodology.

Helicopter Noise Survey for Selected Cities in the Contiguous United States
Robert Main; Andrew Joshi; David Couts; Leslie Hilten
March 1985
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The FAA has conducted a series of noise surveys in the following urban areas: Chicago, IL; Long Beach, CA; New Orleans, LA; Portland, OR; and Seattle, WA. In each metropolitan area, noise measurements were made at three of four heliports or helipads. Land use surrounding the heliports ranged from residential to industrial. Noise levels for Lmax were recorded during each test at each heliport. Also recorded were ambient noise levels which were used as a basis for comparison of noise associated with helicopter operations versus urban background noise levels.

Analysis of Noise-Related Auditory and Associated Health Problems in the U.S. Population (1971-1975) - Volume 2
Judith D. Singer; T.J. Tomberlin; J.M. Smith; A.J. Schrier
March 1982
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The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) was designed to characterize the overall health and nutritional status of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population aged 1-74 years and to permit examination of the prevalence of specific health conditions on a subsample of adults aged 25-74 years. Analyses presented in this report are based on the national probability subsample of 6913 adults aged 25-74 years who were administered an audiometric test as well as detailed questionnaires and physics: examinations dealing with hypertension and a variety of other health conditions. Detailed occupational descriptions were used in the present study to estimate approximate eight-hour noise levels for the sample of 3942 adults aged 25-74 years in the workforce. Among the major findings: 1. Hearing impairment is a widespread health problem in the United States; 2. Occupational noise exposure was identified as a major risk factor associated with the prevalence of hearing impairment among men; 3. Occupational noise exposure was not significantly related to hearing sensitivity among working women; 4. Occupational noise exposure was found to have a weak, but nevertheless significant association with hypertension for both men and women; 5. Among men, occupational noise exposure was associated with overall physical health, whereas among women, it was associated with only overall psychological health; and 6. No conclusive relationships were found between occupational noise exposure and the remaining indicators of specific health conditions.

Noise Emission Standards for Transportation Equipment - Proposed Bus Noise Emission Regulation - Part 1. Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Part 2. Background Document
August 1977
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Analysis of Noise-Related Auditory and Associated Health Problems in the U.S. Population (1971-1975)
Judith D. Singer; T.J. Tomberlin; J.M. Smith; A.J. Schrier
March 1982
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One Precision Sound Level Meter You Can Count On
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Calculator Airport Noise Method Volume I: User's Guide
John Moran
December 1977
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This Volume I (User's Guide) is intended for use by persons wishing to perform a simple but accurate noise prediction at selected points around an airport with a programmable calculator. These persons need not have acoustical training. Acquaintance with basic airport operations and with the Texas Instrument Model 59 Calculator are required.

The New 700 - Two in One 110dB Dynamic Range Dosimeter/Sound Level Meter
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Assessment of Ground Surface Corrections for Motor Vehicle Noise Measurements
Donald B. Pies
February 1977
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In 1974, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a regulation limiting the noise levels produced by trucks operated by motor carriers engaged in interstate commerce. A measurement methodology was included in the background considerations for this regulation that allowed measurements pf truck noise levels to be made over hard (i.e., concrete, asphalt, packed dirt or gravel) or soft (i.e., grass or similar absorbent material) surfaces, with an adjustment factor of 2 dB to be added to the latter to account for the effect of ground attenuation. The Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) has the task of enforcing this regulation, and has published an enforcement procedure that includes the 2 dB adjustment factor. The provision of the adjustment factor is predicated on simple geometry of ground coverage and does not necessarily apply under other more complex conditions. Also, it appears that a systematic study has not been made of all available data in order to justify the numerical value of the correction factor. The purpose of this program is to study existing data and present recommendations as to the validity of the 2 dB adjustment factor.

Measurements of the Impulsiveness and Annoyance of Compression - Release Engine Brake Noise
Sanford Fidell; Richard Horonjeff
December 1981
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The research described in this report was undertaken to evaluate the potential contribution to the overall annoyance of heavy truck noise of the impulsive character of exhaust noise created by engine compression-release braking devices. Although growing numbers of trucks are likely to be equipped with these safety devices in the future, current methods for assessing health and welfare effects of traffic noise on residential populations make no specific provision for annoyance associated with impulsive noise sources.

Information on Noise Levels, Noise Measurement Methods and "Buy Quiet" Experiences Associated with Rotary Power Lawnmowers
October 1981
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This supplement is intended to help governemtn purchasing agents and other officials purchase quieter power lawnmowers. It contains quiet lawnmower purchase specifications which were developed at a government-industry conference hosted by The National Institute of Governmental Purchasing in April, 1980. This conference was the first in a series of such specification development conferences that NIGP is conducting on different products.

Aircraft Noise and the Market for Residential Housing: Empirical Results for Seven Selected Airports
Jon P. Nelson
September 1978
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The annoyance due to aircraft noise is capitalized into the value of residential property. Measurement of relationships between aircraft noise levels and property values provides a means by which to calculate the benefits of noise abatement. This study seeks to obtain a measure of the effect on property values of a decibel change in Noise Exposure Forecast (NEF) levels, other factors remaining constant. The resulting damage cost is interpreted as the amount individuals would be willing to pay for noise abatement, given that the change in noise levels is small. Census block and census tract data are employed for small geographic areas (about two miles radius) near seven selected major U.S. airports. In each of seven cases, the results indicate that aircraft noise has a negative and statistically significant effect on residential property values. Translating the coefficients into percentages yields a noise depreciation index in the range -0.29 to -0.84 percent per decibel change in NEF level, with a simple average value of -0.55 percent. However, the coefficient estimates for six airports are stable around a weighted-mean value of -0.50 percent. This result is consistent with the average of values obtained in earlier statistical studies of the same relationship.

Appendix D, Highway Construction Noise Field Measurements, Site 4: I-75 (Florida)
William R. Fuller; Ron Brown
June 1981
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Testing Procedures for Measuring Sound Transmission Loss Through Movable and Folding Walls
June 1966
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The purpose of this report is to establish a uniform set of practices fthe installation of the test specimen, the conduct of the test, and the certification of the results when operable walls are tested for sound transmission loss in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials Designation: E90-61 T, Tentative Recommended Practice for LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS OF BUILDING FLOORS AND WALLS, or its latest revision. Only this ASTM method of determining sound loss is to be used since it is universally accepted and understood test procedure.

Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem
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In 1968, a Conference on Noise as a Public Health Hazard was organized by the American Speech and Hearing Association. At this conference, an attempt was made to bring together a group of speakers who could present summaries of the current state of knowledge ell all aspects of the "noise problem", ranging all tile way from fairly technical treatises to completely non-technical statements of personal opinion. Such a wide-ranging representation was judged to be necessary for the purpose of that conference, which was to present a broad overview of what "noise pollution" was all about, to government personnel and other intelligent laymen who saw that it was probably going to become a hot issue, and give at least a few examples of the scientific evidence underlying arguments about just what effects noise does have. At this time it was realized that as the environmentalist movement gathered momentum, a rapid development of public concern could be expected, and so a permanent Committee of ASHA was established, one of whose charges was to plan another conference when it was judged appropriate. The burgeoning of interest in noise in the intervening 5 years has clearly met, if not surpassed, our expectations at that time. In the developed areas of the world, millions of dollars or their equivalent are being spent on surveys of noise levels and exposures, and increasingly stringent noise regulations are being imposed by all levels of government. And, although the measurement of the effects of noise is nowhere near as simple as the measurement of the noises themselves, many laboratories, mostly with federal support, are engaged in full-time research on the hearing losses, sleep disturbance, speech interference, alteration of physiological state, and annoyance caused by noise. Accordingly, in 1971 we began looking for a sponsor for a second conference-one who would agree, we hoped, to fund attendance by a substantial number of researchers from abroad, so that certain areas of knowledge less intensively studied in the USA could be included in the subject matter. Fortunately, the head of the newly-created Office of Noise Abatement end Control (ONAC) of the Environmental Protection Agency, Dr. Alvin F. Meyer, had need of just such a conference, as a source material for a document summarizing all known criteria that might be used to establish national standards for noise control-that is, provided that the Congress passed the bill, then being duly debated and amended, that would make such a document necessary. Furthermore, certain PL 480 funds (money that must be spent in other countries) were available, which meant that the degree of participation by foreign scientists might be even greater than we had hoped. Not only that, but the particular PL 480 funds in this case were in Jugoslavia, the country that includes one of the garden spots of the world, Dubrovnik. On the assumption that our Congress would pass some form of the bill in question (which it did on October 27, 1972), we forged ahead with plans for our meeting, now upgraded to an International Congress. With the help of Dr. Grujica Zarkovic, the energetic President of tile Jugoslavian Medical Association, and Dr. Mario Levi of the University of Sarajevo, a planning meeting was held to which we invited a representative from most of the countries in which noise research was being done (I say "most" because we could not quite afford to pay for attendees from Japan, Australia, and South Africa because of the distance involved, even though considerable research is being done there). At this meeting the formal agenda was decided on, and the list of invited participants prepared. It was agreed that we would try to limit the Congress content strictly to the effects of noise on health, thereby excluding discussions of engineering aspects of noise reduction and control, descriptions of methods for legal control, and presentation of viewpoints of special-interest groups. There was some debate about how much time to allot to public opinion surveys of annoyance, some of as contending that annoyance, as measured in that manner, is not a health hazard at all in the ordinary sense of the term. However, proponents of the WHO definition of "health", in which any deviation from "optimum well-being" is regarded as undesirable, carried the field, and the final day of the Congress was therefore given over to the sociologists. Despite a series of crises precipitated by governmental red tape originating both in Washington and Belgrade, the Congress was held on May 13-18, 1973 at the Libertas Hotel in Dubrovnik. We had two major disappointments: one was the failure of our Russian invitees to appear due to the fact that our official invitations had not been sent early enough. The other was that the Xerox machine at the Libertas was out of commission. However, the general success of the Congress can be gauged by the fact that the audience was as large on the final afternoon as at any other time. A side benefit of the Congress (or so we hope) was the formation of an international organization consisting of 5 "teams" who will try to accumulate and coordinate knowledge about the effects of noise on (1) temporary and permanent bearing loss; (2) extra auditory function; (3) speech; (4) sleep; and (5) community reaction. The parent group, or "basic" team, will attempt to consolidate this knowledge for use by governmental agencies, and will make plans for the next Congress. Although the organization is now alive, its name is still in question. At the moment it is still the "'International Scientific Noise Teams", but the resulting acronym has a negative connotation that pleases few of us. Other names are being considered. I regret that the length of the invited papers made it impracticable to publish at this time any of the short contributed papers that were presented at the Congress, many of which were excellent, or the often-lively discussions that followed each session. It is hoped that these can be included if another printing of the Proceedings is to be made. An enterprise of this scope cannot be a success without hard work on the part of many people. Without doubt the most effort of all wax put forth by Dr. Levi, who managed all the mechanical details of the Congress, with the help of his and Dr. Zarkovic's staff, particularly, Felih Vesna. Official thanks are extended to our sponsoring organizations: The Jugoslavian Medical Association, The American Speech and Hearing Association, the World Health Organization, and of course most of all the Office of Noise Abatement and Control.

Community Noise Counseling Program - Handbook for Community Noise Counselors
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The following handbook has been written for you, the community noise counselor. It contains both information and ideas which will help you in your efforts to improve the quality of life in your neighborhood. This handbook is a resource document as well as a workbook. You will read about the reasons for a noise counseling program, the role of the noise counselor, and some of the techniques a noise counselor can use in reducing noise in a community. You will also find some forms in the appendix which have been designed to help you set your objectives and to assist you in locating the key people in your community who can help you reach your objectives. In addition to this handbook, special training is available. This training can play an important part in your role as a community noise counselor. However, you are not expected to become a technical expert in the properties of sound or in the intricate details of sound measurement. Your role is that of a catalyst, providing information, ideas, and direction to individuals, citizen groups, and perhaps public officials who can take action to reduce their own noise exposure as well as the exposure of others as a result of your efforts.

Noise Emission Measurements for Regulatory Purposes
D.R. Flynn; W.A. Leasure Jr.; A.I. Rubin; M.A. Cadoff
March 1977
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A review is given of the measurement needs attendant to regulation of the noise generated and emitted by commercial products. The emphasis is primarily on measurement procedures for use in conjunction with point-of-sale regulations as opposed to regulations on the noise which a source actually emits when in operation. The report is divided into three major parts. Part I is a discussion of overall measurement requirements and the type of data and information which are needed in order to promulgate regulations based on appropriate measurement techniques. Part II is designed as a checklist for the evaluation of the suitability of a noise measurement standard for a particular class of products or, in the absence of a suitable standard, as a framework for development of one. The intent is to identify and discuss in some detail those factors which can impact on the accuracy, precision, and applicability of a noise measurement process. Part III consists of a series of flow charts depicting the development appropriate procedures for the measurement of product noise emission.

Urban Noise Counseling Program - Handbook for Urban Noise Counseling
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The following handbook has been written for you, the urban noise counselor. It contains both information and ideas which will help you in your efforts to improve the quality of life in your neighborhood. This handbook is a resource document as well as a workbook. You will read about the reasons for a noise counseling program, the role of the noise counselor, and some of the techniques a noise counselor can use in reducing neighborhood noise. You will also find some forms in the appendix which have been designed to help you set your objectives and to assist you in locating the key people in your community who can help you reach your objectives. In addition to this handbook, special training is available. This training can play an important part in your role as an urban noise counselor. However, you are not expected to become a technical expert in the properties of sound or in the intricate details of sound measurement. Your role is that of a catalyst, providing information, ideas, and direction to individuals, citizen groups, and perhaps public officials who can take action to reduce their own noise exposure as well as the exposure of others as a result of your efforts.

Code of Current Practices for Enforcement of Noise Ordinances
F.M. Kessler; M. Alexander
July 1981
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This report provides communities interested in adopting a noise control ordinance with measurement procedures for effective enforcement. The first segment discusses the theory of sound, terminology, and computation methods. Vibration measurement and criteria are also presented. The second segment of this report presents the current measurement procedures. Noise and vibration measurement procedures are presented for stationary noise sources. These include statistical sampling and steady sound techniques, both weighted and octave band. Both roadway (passby) and stationary sound level measurement methods are provided for automobiles, trucks, and motorcycles. Sound measurement procedures are also included for buses, construction equipment, model vehicles, recreation vehicles, and refuse collection vehicles. Sketches of the measurement sites and forms for reporting measured data are provided for each measurement procedure.

Evaluation of Commercial Integrating-Type Noise Exposure Meters
William A. Leasure Jr.; Ronald L. Fisher; Marylin A. Cadoff
December 1973
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As a result of the promulgation of occupational noise exposure regulations by the Federal government, there are a number of commercial noise exposure meters on the market today that provide a measure of noise integrated (with appropriate weighting) over a time interval. This report presents the results of an evaluation of such instruments by the National Bureau of Standards (under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) as to their usefulness in monitoring compliance with occupational noise regulations as well as their applicability as instruments for use in achieving the broader goals of the EPA. Tests were designed and conducted to evaluate microphone and system response to sound of random incidence, frequency response, crest factor capability, accuracy of the exchange rate circuitry, performance of the noise exposure meter as a function of temperature, and the dependence of the device on battery voltage. The rationals of the test procedures utilized to evaluate overall system as well as specific performance attributes, details of the measurement techniques, and results obtained are discussed.

Prediction of NIPTS Due to Continuous Noise Exposure
Daniel L. Johnson
July 1973
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In support of the main document, "A Basis for Limiting Noise Exposure for Hearing Conservation," this report compares the relationship of noise exposure to Noise Induced Permanent Threshold Shift (NIPTS) as predicted by the currently available works of Passchier-Vermeer, Robinson, Baughn and Kryter, and the yet unpublished work of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. The works of Passchier-Vermeer, Robinson, and Baughn are selected since these are the only works that completely predict the relationship between NIPTS and noise exposure for various audiometric frequencies, sound pressure levels and population percentiles. The predictions of these three methodologies are averaged in order to provide one single relationship between continuous noise exposure and NIPTS. This relationship is presented in various ways so that the effect of noise exposure on hearing can be viewed in more than one way. Discussion concerning the type of frequency weighting, the equal energy rule, and long duration exposures is also provided.

A Basis for Limiting Noise Exposure for Hearing Conservation
J.C. Guignard
July 1973
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A compilation of data is provided, with references to published work, which represents the present state of knowledge concerning the effects of continuous and impulsive noise on hearing. The danger to the ear of both occupational and non-occupational human exposure to noise is considered. Data are included or cited which enable quantitative predictions to be made of the risk to hearing in the American population due to noise exposure in any working or living context. Recommendations are made concerning the need to obtain more definitive data. Relevant aspects of noise measurement, the physiology of hearing, and theories explaining the effects of noise on the ear are discussed in appendices to the main report. This report deals solely with the effects of noise on hearing; other physiological or psychological effects of noise are not considered in the present document.

Synthesis of Social Surveys on Noise Annoyance
Theodore J. Schultz
March 1978
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Since noise was first recognized as a serious environmental pollutant, a number of social surveys have been conducted in order to assess the magnitude of the problem and to develop suitable noise ratings, such that, from a measurement of certain physical characteristics of community noise, one could reliably predict the community's subjective response to the noise. Recently, the author has reviewed the data from social surveys concerning the noise of aircraft, street traffic, expressway traffic, and railroads. Going back to the original published data, the various survey noise ratings were translated to day-night average sound level, and an independent judgment was made, where choices were possible, as in which respondents should be counted as "higly annoyed". The results of 11 of these surveys show a remarkable consistency. It is proposed that the average of these curves is the best currently available relationship for predicting community annoyance due to transportation noise of all kinds.

Handbook for Measuring Compliance With the Interstate Rail Carrier Noise Emission Standards
June 1980
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This handbook describes procedures for measuring compliance with EPA's Noise Emission Standards, which set limits on the noise of locomotives, switcher locomotives, rail cars, active retarders, car-coupling impacts, and locomotive load cell test stands. The Federal Railroad Administration will be promulgating compliance regulations in the near future for enforcement of the EPA Emission Standards. This handbook specifically addresses noise measurement procedures and is directed towards compliance officers, railroad personnel, local residents, and others to permit an assessment of the noise emissions from a railyard.

Handbook for Motor Vehicle Noise Enforcement
Gale R. Hruska
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Often a police officer's only introduction to noise enforcement is when someone puts a sound level meter in one of his hands and a copy of the town noise ordinance in the other, and he is told to :go out and quiet those %*!!!&*! motorcycles." The purpose of this booklet is to provide some elementary instruction in the fundamentals of motor vehicle noise enforcement. The three main topics to be covered are: (1) sound and its characteristics, (2) the sound level meter, and (3) enforcement procedures.

Sound Measurement and Analysis Instrumentation - Quest Electronics
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An Evaluation and Assessment of Existing Data and Procedures for Tire Noise Measurement
R.D. Kilmer; W.A. Leasure Jr.; T.L. Quindry
November 1975
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This report reviews existing tire noise measurement procedures with regard to their usefulness in the regulation of tire noise as well as the availability, extent and applicability of existing data. On the basis of this review, probable or potential measurement difficulties are identified that could hinder the promulgation and/or enforcement of future EPA regulations to control the noise emission from tires.

Environmental Impact Statement for Final Interstate Rail Carrier Noise Emission Regulation: Source Standards
December 1979
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This Environmental Impact Statement addresses the final noise emission regulation for railroad activities, other than line-haul operations. In arriving at the final regulation, the Environmental Protection Agency carried out detailed investigations of railroad yard operations, noise sources, noise measurement methodologies, available noise control technology, costs attendant to noise control methods, possible economic impacts, and the potential environmental and health and welfare benefits associated with the application of various noise control measures. Data and information were generated as a result of these investigations. Summaries are presented herein of the more pertinent information regarding the environmental impacts expected to result from the regulatory action.

Larson-Davis Laboratories Introduces: The New 820 - Precision Integrating Sound Level Meter Environmental Noise Analyzer/Data Logger
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Rail Yard Noise Measurement Data - Appendix B - Background Document for Proposed Revision to Rail Carrier Noise Emission Regulation
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In order to document the noise exposure in the vicinity of a variety of rail yards, noise measurements were obtained at each of the yards listed in Table 1. The measurements were conducted over a period of one to two days at each of three locations at each yard. Measurement locations were selected so that the noise of rail yard activities would dominate the noise environment at one or more of the locations for each yard. The remaining locations were selected where the noise of mainline operations, and/or the noise of other noise sources within the community combines with the noise of rail yard activities; the noise measurements at these locations provide information on the difficulty of segregating the noise of rail yard activities from other noise sources at a community measurement location. Wherever possible, measurement locations were selected to lie on property lines surrounding the rail yards. Site specific conditions, however, often required the location of measurement positions within the property line; such conditions include shielding of major noise sources at the property line, the presence of major non-rail sources at the property line, or local terrain, access, or safety conditions which restrict property line measurements. All measurements were performed with an automatic monitoring unit, and simultaneously a continuous tracing of the noise level with time was obtained on a graphic level recorder. The instrumentation is illustrated schematically in Figure 1. The signal measured with the monitoring unit was A-weighted and automatically processed to provide the equivalent level and various percentile levels over hourly periods. Each major noise event occurring at a particular location was identified and noted on the level record by an attendant who continuously monitored the recordings. The measurement results are provided in an attachment to this appendix. For each yard, a general description of the major activities at the yard is provided, as well as a description of the measurement locations selected. A map of the yard indicating the measurement locations is also provided. For each measurement location, the measured noise levels are listed on one or more noise data tabulation forms (one form for each day of measurements). On each form for each hour is listed the equivalent level, the maximum level, and the following percentile levels: L1, L10, L50, L90, and L99. Also listed are the daytime, nighttime, and day-night sound levels computed from the equivalent levels measured during the appropriate hours of the day (Reference B-2).

Acoustic and Stroboscopic Instruments Price List
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Annoyance, Loudness, and Measurement of Repetitive Type Impulsive Noise Sources
L.C. Sutherland; R.E. Burke
November 1979
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This study was undertaken to evaluate subjective and objective aspects of moderate levels of noise from impulsive sources. The study excluded evaluation of hearing damage risk or annoyance from building vibration by high level impulsive noise, which were covered by recent recommendations of the National Research Council, Committee on Hearing Bioacoustics and Bomechanics, Working Group 69. While the study included original investigations into some of the objective aspects of impulsive noise, a detailed review of the literature on the subjective aspects was emphasized. Based on this available literature, the annoyance and loudness from a wide variety of repetitive impulse noises were evaluated. These results were applied to the evaluation of impulsive noise from a number of specific noise sources. Based on the most pertinent literature, it is tentatively concluded that a subjective impulse correction factor of +7 dB applied to the A-weighted equivalent sound levels of these types of repetitive impulsive noise sources would better define their effective level in terms of annoyance reactions. No additional correction is identified at this time for crest level or repetition rate. Research on subjective correction factors for helicopter blade slap is also reviewed and potential reasons for the smaller subjective correction factors (i.e. 0 to 6 dB) for annoyance response to this type of sound are discussed. It is recommended that refinements to this subjective correction factor be based on the use of standard loudness calculation methods (Stevens Mark VII or Zwicker) modified to include provision for a shorter time constant to reflect subjective response to short duration impulsive sounds. The study also included a brief experimental evaluation of the measurement of a wide variety of simulated repetitive impulsive-type signals varying in duty cycle, repetition rate, pulse frequency, and ratio of peak impulse signal level to continuous background noise level. When repetitive impulses are measured using maximum values of A-weighted (slow) readings on an Impulse Sound Level Meter, no objective correction is necessary in order to measure, with an accuracy of +/- 1.5 dB, the equivalent level (Leq) of the wide variety of impulsive signals investigated.

Studies in Urban Transportation - Transportation Systems: Noise Generation and Abatement
Frank B. Hartl
February 1974
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The report deals with the noise impact of transportation systems and methods that can be used for lessening that impact. An introductory discussion of the physics of noise and noise measurement is given to help the reader in understanding how the noise impact is analyzed.

State and Local Guidance Manual for Police: Motor Vehicle Noise Enforcement
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This guidance manual for state and local police officers and law enforcement personnel was prepared for the Office of Noise Abatement and Control of the United States Environmental Protection Agency as part of its mandate under the Noise Control Act (P.L. 92-574, 42 U.S.C. 4901 et seq. Supp. 1978). The purpose of the manual is to provide law enforcement personnel with the necessary technical skills to enforce State and Local Motor Vehicle Noise Laws. The proper enforcement of motor vehicle noise violations requires the noise enforcement officer to develop specific technical skills, both in the use of noise measuring equipment as well as in the application of police practice to noise enforcement officer is utilizing a sound level meter to measure the violation.

An Evaluation of Strategies to Control Noise from Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Condensing Units.
George L. Durden; John O. Myers; Thomas A. Towers; Donna McCord Dickman
December 1981
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This report details the strategies evaluated and assesses the experience encountered in the investigation of noise from air conditioning and refrigeration condensing units in the State of Maryland. Each isdesigned to provide guidance for other state and local noise programs faced with similar noise problems. Hence, emphasis is placed on the practical aspects of attempting to implement innovative approaches. These included: (1) Sample selection, (2) noise measurement survey, (3) implementation of aggressive abatement procedures, (4) development and use of a screening graph for determining acceptability of sound rated outdoor unitary equipment, (5) incorporation of noise control considerations into The Division of Food Control, (6) exploration of an operational curfew, (7) development of an incentive/information program.

Relation Between Daily Noise Exposure and Hearing Loss Based on the Evaluation of 6,835 Industrial Noise Exposure Cases
W.L. Baughn
June 1973
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The present study is designed to display the percent of a population exhibiting greater certain specified audiometric hearing levels as a function of specified exposure levels and duration of exposures to those levels. Audiometric data from 6,835 employees of an industrial plant were taken during the period from 1960 through 1965. The employees were selected only on the criterion that their noise exposures were reasonably well known. Hearing levels for each of three exposure conditions (78, 86 and 92 dBA) were obtained for the speech (0.5, 1, and 2 kHz) and the 4 kHz audiometric frequencies. The data are smoothed and hearing risk tables are presented.

Helicopter Noise Characteristics for Heliport Planning - Technical Report
Dwight E. Bishop
March 1965
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Noise data and simplified procedures are presented for estimating the percieved noise levels produced by current civil and military helicopters (piston- and turbine-powered) during takeoff, landing, flyover and hover operations. Noise data and procedures are also presented for comparing helicopter noise with other vehicle noise and with ambient noise found in typical urban and suburban areas. The procedures permit an assessment of the compatibility of helicopter noise with typical land uses near heliports. Generalized helicopter noise data are presented in the form of noise contours and in perceived noise level distance charts for different helicopter categories. The generalized noise charts are based upon measurements of a number of military and civil aircraft. Analysis of these measurements, discussed in Appendix A, shows that: a) for most helicopters the spread in perceived noise levels for takeoff, landing, flyover and hover operations is of the order of 5 dB or less, a spread in noise levels much less than encountered for fixed-wing aircraft. b) piston-powered helicopters are noisier than turbine-powered helicopters of comparable size. No consistent difference in noise levels between single and dual rotor helicopters was noted. c) perceived noise levels for turbine-powered helicopters show greater changes with size of aircraft than do noise levels for piston-powered helicopters. d) for planning purposes, noise radiation from helicopters can be assumed to be non-directional in both vertical and horizontal planes.

Procedures for Estimating Sound Power from Measurements of Sound Pressure
Curtis I. Holmer
January 1975
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This report describes investigations of the accuracy and precision of various measurement methodologies for determining the estimated sound power output of "large" machines in the free field over a reflecting plane. One purpose of this investigation is to place empirical error bounds on many of the free field measurement procedures currently proposed or in use; and in particular, compare the results of "near-field" and "far-field" measurements. The sources used for the investigation included 17 portable air compressors of various types (powered by internal combustion engines), a "reference" sound source, and a loudspeaker driven by a pure tone source. The data recorded include sound pressure level (A-weighted, linear, and 1/3-octave band) on an 84 point hemispherical array of seven metre radius, and "near-field" measurements, sampled every square metre, on a rectangular surface one metre from the machine surface. These data were reduced to provide information on the deviation of "near-field" sound power determinations from "far-field" power level (using subsets of the data as appropriate to various methodologies). The measured data for seventeen sources suggests that the value of a sound power estimate based on "near-field" sound pressure level measurements may be an upper bound to the sound power level estimated from far field measurements, subject to the limitations of sampling error. Estimates of total achievable measurement error of A-weighted sound power level of near field determinationsrelative to far field determinations are made for several measurement methodologies, based on the experimental data.

A Real-World Assessment of Noise Exposure
Thomas R. Schori; Edward A. McGatha
November 1977
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The noise exposure of 50 individuals was continuously monitored for 7 consecutive days, by means of personal noise dosimeters. Over the 7 days of the test, average Leq(24)'s (or what could be termed Leq(week)'s) among these individuals ranged from a low of 66 dB to a high of 85 dB, with a median of 74.7 dB. Over 80 percent of the individuals had average Leq(24)'s greater than the minimum level of 70 dB identified by the Environmental Protection Agency to protect public health and welfare with an adequate margin of safety (EPA 1974). Yet, with one exception, all of these indiviuals had average Leq(24)'s that were less than the minimum that would be exhibited by a worker who, during the working week, was exposed to the maximum level permissible under OSHA's current noise exposure regulation. Surprisingly enough, the highest average Leq(24) was not exhibited by a worker, but was exhibited by a 13 year old school boy.

Experimental Study of the Effect of the Difference Between "Hard" and "Soft" Ground Surfaces on Truck Noise Measurements
November 1978
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Data on truck noise measurements have been gathered for two trucks, operating in accordance with the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety Noise Regulations, over "hard" and "soft" sites, and for various intermediate surface conditions. The results, averaged for all operating conditions, indicate a difference between hard and soft sites that increases with both the percentage of site hardness and with microphone distance. The generally accepted difference of + 2 dB(A) between hard-site and soft-site data specified in the BMCS regulations is seen to be approximately correct for IMI tests, but about 1 dB(A) low for passby tests at 50 ft. These results confirm those reported by other investigators.

Fundamentals of Noise: Measurement, Rating Schemes, and Standards
December 1971
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This report is intended to serve as an introduction to noise, including the inter-relationship between physical measures and psychological responses. The basic principles of sound generation and propagation are discussed as well as the measurement of both the physical attributes of noise and effects of noise on people. The suitability and effectiveness of various noise exposure rating schemes, used to estimate or predict the effects of noise on man, are discussed and critiqued. Included are sample calculations of sound level, loudness level, and perceived noise level for five selected spectra. The need is stressed for inclusion of well-defined environmental and operational requirements into measurement procedures for those devices where the noise produced is dependent on the surroundings and the operation of the device. Also presented are a glossary of pertinent acoustic terminology and a compilation of existing standards related to noise, including a brief description of the intent and scope of each.

Environmental Noise Measurement
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Guidelines for Developing a Training Program in Noise Survey Techniques
William Gately; Paul L. Michael; George W. Kamperman
July 1975
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The report contains guidelines for the content, format, organization, and administration of a training program for noise survey technicians. It is intended to provide assistance to State and local governements in setting up a training program with the following objective: the training of technicians to assist in the enforcement of noise ordinances and investigation of noise complaints. The program is directed toward trainees with a minimum of a high school education and no previous experience in acoustics. The report outlines and explains material to be covered in a 4 1/2 day training program.

The Urban Noise Survey
Sanford Fidell
August 1977
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Most of the existing social survey data base on community annoyance has been in character and has been concerned primarily with airport and highway related noise. An essential element in assessing the impact of noise in urban areas away from airports and highways is the evaluation of the attitudes of people concerning the noise in the residential environment. A social survey was conducted to sample opinion over the entire range of noise exposure and population density characteristics of non-rural America.The objective of the Urban Noise Survey was to develop a first order relationship between noise exposure and human response as a function of situational and attitudinal variables associated with the life styles of people in various urban environments. This survey differed from prior surveys in the general area of noise pollution in several important aspects: (1) it was specifically designed to study noise exposure not directly related to airport and highway sources; (2) the social survey was made in conjunction with simultaneous physical measurements of noise exposure at sites with widely different noise environments; (3) it was national rather than local in character and was addressed to a broad rather than narrow range of noise exposures and respondents' life styles. Some of the major conclusions are that: (a) exposure to noise typical of many urban (non-aircraft and non-highway) environments produces widespread annoyance, speech interference, and sleep disturbance; (b) a strong relationship was demonstrated between exposure level and the proportion of a community highly annoyed by noise; (c) the prevalence of speech interference is an especially good predictor of annoyance; (d) the number of complaints about noise is a poor predictor of the prevalence of annoyance; (e) demographic factors alone are relatively poor predictors of noise annoyance; (f) freedom from noise exposure is a component of a neighborhood satisfaction, and quiet is highly valued; (g) noises associated with automotive sources are the most pervasive sources of annoying noise in urban areas; (h) annoyance associated with intrusive noise sources may be related to measurable noise exposure from such sources, even when their magnitudes are not as great as the level of overall exposure in a community; (i) there is some evidence that human response to noise exposure at Ldn values in excess of 70 dB is more acute than at lower levels.

Noise From Heavy Vehicles, Results from Stationary Noise Measurements
K.A. Abrahamsen
February 1981
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Stationary noise measurements have been carried out on 12 of the most sold trucks in Norway. The results are discussed with reference to the influence of the various vehicle designs on the noise emitted from the major noise sources and on cabin noise. The state of the art of noise control on typical production vehicles has been assessed and a forecast of possible further noise reduction in the near future made.

Experimental Study of the Effect of the Difference Between "Hard" and "Soft" Ground Surfaces on Truck Noise Measurements
November 1978
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Aeroacoustics of Flight Vehicles: Theory and Practice - Volume 2: Noise Control
Harvey H. Hubbard
August 1991
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This document is oriented toward flight vehicles and emphasizes the underlying concepts of noise generation, propagation, prediction, and control. Authors are from government, industry, and academia in the United States, England, and Canada. This volume includes those chapters that relate to flight vehicle noise control and operations: Human Response to Aircraft Noise; Atmospheric Propagation; Theoretical Models for Duct Acoustic Propagation and Radiation; Design and Performance of Duct Acoustic Treatment; Jet Noise SUppression; Interior Noise; Flyover-Noise Measurement and Prediction; and Quiet Aircraft Design and Operational Characteristics.

Annoyance, Loudness, and Measurements of Repetitive Type Impulsive Noise Sources
L.C. Sutherland; R.E. Burke
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Report to Congress - Effects of Airport Noise on a Neighboring State
October 1980
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This report is submitted to Congress in response to Section 8 of the Quiet Communities Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-609) which resulted from Congressional concern that aircraft noise from some airports may impact communities located in another State. The question was whether the communities in the other State could effect change at the airport to provide relief for their citizens. The Secretary of Transportation and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency were directed to study jointly this issue and determined that Philadelphia International Airport satisfied the selection criteria in the Act. The Act further directed that the study be conducted in cooperation with the airport operator, appropriate Federal, State, and local officials, and the Metropolitan Planning Organization which, in this case, is the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC). This led to formation of an Advisory Committee under the auspices of the DVRPC to assist the Environmental Protection Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration. This study illustrates that regional advisory bodies can work effectively on problems which cross political boundaries. The study included three semi-independent programs: (1) Noise Measurement, (2) Noise Modeling, and (3) Community Response. The objective of the measurement program was to obtain actual aircraft noise levels in selected residential areas around the Philadelphia International Airport. These data were used to verify the results of the Noise Modeling Program. The FAA's Integrated Noise Model (INM), a computerized noise simulation, was used to predict aircraft noise levels around the airport as a function of all of the pertinent parameters, i.e., types and numbers of aircraft operating at the airport (both current and forecast for 1990 and 2000), flight tracks, operating procedures, and time of day of aircraft operations. The Community Response Program made the public aware of the noise study through standard public information techniques, a toll-free telephone complaint service, conduct of a community opinion survey to determine how people feel about the airport and its environmental impact, and establishment of an Advisory Committee to assist in the selection of noise control options. The telephone complaint service registered 296 complaints during the 118 days in which it was operated. One thousand seven hundred and twenty-three interviews were conducted among residents within approximately 20 miles of Philadelphia International Airport, of whom 447, or 26.0 percent, lived in New Jersey and the remainder in Pennsylvania. Crime was identified most often as the most serious environmental problem, while noise (from all sources including aircraft) was fifth among the eight categories specified. The noise exposure conditions, and the relative effectiveness of alternative noise control actions, were investigated for the existing 1980 operations and for projected 1990 and 2000 operations. Alternative noise control actions were grouped into five categories: airport layout; airport and airspace use; aircraft operations; land use; and noise program management. Detailed results of these analyses are reported, in terms of the population impacted by several values of Average Day-Night Sound Level (Ldn), which includes a 10-decibel added penalty on nighttime aircraft operations. On this basis, the most effective noise control option for Philadelphia International Airport appears to be a reduction in nighttime operations, in combination with a preferential runway use program to keep the remaining nighttime flights away from populated areas. These actions would reduce aircraft noise impacts in the affected areas of both Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Before any such use restrictions should be considered by the operator of Philadelphia International Airport, however, a more detailed syudy should be made to account for all economic factors which could be affected by those restrictions. Any aviation-related options should be complemented by a continuing citizen involvement program and a broad land-use planning program.

The Performance of the NPL Ultrasound Beam Calibrator: Part 1 - Physiotherapy Transducers
R.C. Preston; C.E. Mason
September 1986
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The performance of the NPL Ultrasound Beam Calibrator (BECA2) has been assessed for measurements of the acoustic output of physiotherapy transducers. Reflection from the polyvinylidene flouride membrane hydrophone used to determine the sound field and lack of cylindrical symmetry of the beam emitted by physiotherapy transducers are considered, and guidelines given for minimising their effect on the measurements. Sources of systematic and random uncertainty are considered and typical values for these quantities are given.

Final Regulatory Analysis of the Hearing Conservation Amendment
January 1981
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The effects of occupational noise can be divided into two principal categories: auditory effects and extra-auditory effects. There is a wealth of information on the relationship between noise exposure and hearing loss. Dose-response relationships have been well established. Numerous studies are available which describe the effects of noise on hearing as a function of level and duration. The effects are stated in terms of the audiometric frequencies at which the loss occurs, the degeree of hearing loss, the anatomical changes (in animal experiments), and the differential changes in hearing as variables such as age and sex interact with noise exposure. The extra-auditory effects of noise involve complex physiological reactions, which are much more difficult to document. Although stress-related illnesses have been associated with noise exposure, the multitude of factors which contribute to stress confounds efforts to provide a direct "cause and effect" relationship between noise and such stress-related conditions as hypertension or ulcers. Although precise dose-response relationships are lacking at this time, information on the extra-auditory effects is included in this discussion because the data are highly suggestive or adverse effects, and therefore provide added incentive for protecting noise exposed workers.

Information Brief on Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) Truck Noise Data for Interstate Motor Carriers
June 1982
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As mandated by the Noise Control Act of 1972, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) issued noise emission standards and regulations for interstate motor carriers. The noise emission standards were issued by the EPA on October 21, 1974 and the regulations for compliance were issued by the EPA on October 21, 1974 and the regulations for compliance were issued by the DOT on September 12, 1975. As part of the enforcement activity, the DOT's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) established a truck noise measurement program which included data collecting, organizing and reporting functions.

Procedures for Estimating Sound Power from Measurements of Sound Pressure - An Experimental Investigation with Application to Noise From Portable Air Compressors
Curtis I. Holmer
January 1975
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This report describes investigations of the accuracy and precision of various measurement methodologies for determining the estimated sound power output of "large" machines in the free field over a reflecting plane. One purpose of this investigation is to place empirical error bounds on many of the free field measurement procedures currently proposed or in use; and in particular, compare the results of "near-field" and "far-field" measurements. The sources used for the investigation included 17 portable air compressors of various types (powered by internal combustion engines), a "reference" sound source, and a loudspeaker driven by a pure tone source. The data recorded include sound pressure level (A-weighted, linear, and 1/3-octave band) on an 84 point hemispherical array of seven metre radius, and "near-field" measurements, sampled every square metre, on a rectangular surface one metre from the machine surface. These data were reduced to provide information on the deviation of "near field" sound power determinations from "far-field" power level (using subsets of the data as appropriate to various methodologies). The measured data for seventeen sources suggests that the value of a sound power estimate based on "near-field" sound pressure level measurements may be an upper bound to the sound power level estimated from far field measurements, subject to the limitations of sampling error. Estimates of total achievable measurement error of A-weighted sound power level of near field determinations relative to far field determinations are made for several measurement methodologies, based on the experimental data.

The Ability of Mildly Hearing-Impaired Individuals to Discriminate Speech in Noise
Alice H. Suter
January 1978
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The purpose of the investigation was to explore the relationship between hearing level at various audiometric frequencies and speech discrimination in different noise backgrounds. The study was designed specifically to test the American Academy of Opthamology and Otolaryngology's (AAOO) selection of a 26-dB average of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, as the point above which hearing handicap occurs. The AAOO method for computing hearing handicap has lately been brought into question for two primary reasons: that the 26-dB fence is too high, and for the exclusion of frequencies above 2000 Hz. The present study, therefore, attempted to see if there were differences among individuals whose hearing was at or better than the low fence, and if so, what factors caused or affected the differences.

Motorcycles

Regulatory Analysis Appendices for the Noise Emission Regulations for Motorcycles and Motorcycle Exhaust Systems
December 1980
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This document includes detail information that supplements section 1 through 8 of the regulatory analysis. In addition it includes an analysis of State, local, and foreign motorcycle noise regulations and a summary of the motorcycle national emphasis plan.

Regulatory Analysis for the Noise Emission Regulations for Motorcycles and Motorcycle Exhaust Systems
December 1980
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Noise Emission Standards for Transportation Vehicles - Proposed Motorcycle Noise Emission Regulations - Background Document Appendix
November 1977
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This background document was prepared in support of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Proposed Noise Emission Regulations for New Motorcycles and Mew Motorcycle Replacement Exhaust Systems. These Regulations have been proposed to the mandate of Congress as expressed in The Noise Control Act of 1972 (86 Stat. 1234).

Noise Emission Standards for Transportation Vehicles - Proposed Motorcycle Noise Emission Regulations - Background Document
November 1977
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Noise Emission Standards for Transportation Vehicles - Proposed Motorcycle Noise Emission Regulations - Draft Environmental and Inflationary Impact Statement
November 1977
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued proposed noise emission regulations for newly manufactured motorcycles and motorcycle replacement exhaust systems. These proposed regulations are intended to alleviate the problem of motorcycle noise not only in cities and on highways, but in off-road environments as well. This draft Environmental and Inflationary Impact Statement (EIS-IIS) presents in summary form benefits to be gained from the proposed motorcycle noise standards, and the economic implications of this action. Also presented are the principal regulatory options which were considered by EPA. The information contained in this document will provide an understanding of the issues involved with this proposed rulemaking, and of EPA's strategy in promoting a quieter, more livable environment for all Americans.

Calculation of Day-Night Levels (Ldn) Resulting From Highway Traffic
Myles A. Simpson
October 1979
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This manual presents calculation procedures for estimating the day-night sound level (Ldn) resulting from motor vehicle traffic on highways and other major roadways. Using the procedures in this manual one can estimate the day-night sound levels at individual locations which are exposed to the noise of automobiles, medium trucks, heavy trucks, and motorcycles.

Handbook for Motor Vehicle Noise Enforcement
Gale R. Hruska
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Preliminary Estimates of the Health and Welfare Benefits of State and Local Surface Transportation Noise Control Programs
Michael A. Staiano; Robert A. Samis
November 1979
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The actual reduction in traffic noise exposure level for a given control measure can be conceptually considered a function of: the potential level reduction of the control, its applicability, the extent of its enforcement, and the effectiveness of its enforcement. A survey of the available literature yielded a reasonable amount of information regarding the potential level reductions of control measures, a limited amount of information regarding the observed exposure level reductions of control measures, and virtually no information regarding the applicability of controls, the extent of enforcement, or the effectiveness of enforcement. EPA's National Roadway Traffic Noise Exposure Model (NRTNEM) was used as a means of estimating the benefits of various state and local surface transportation noise control measures for the year 1985. Somewhat coarse simulations of the various controls gave the following results: -Various low speed vehicle noise control measures, applied nationwide, roughly halved of the surface transportation noise impact. -Upper estimates of high speed vehicle noise control measures (snow tire regulations and roadway surface treatment) yielded roughly a 2/5 reduction in impact. -The exclusion of noisy vehicles from residential areas, applied to cities with greater than 50,000 people population, has a potential for the reduction of impact by about 1/4. -Motorcycle enforcement resulting in the partial to total elimination of modified motorcycles has the potential for reducing impact between 1/5 to 1/4. -Reducing local speed limits, in cities of greater than 50,000 people population, was estimated to yield a maximum impact reduction of 1/5. -More stringent speed limit enforcement for highways, on a nationwide basis was estimated to have a maximum benefit of about 1/5 impact reduction. Recommendations for future work include refining NRTNEM itself to more realistically describe vehicle behavior at intersections, refining the simulations themselves to yield more accurate estimates (e.g., considering snow tire controls only for "snow states" and their exclusion only for summer months), and the simulation of simultaneous multiple complementary controls. Finally, any estimates must be considered in the light of reasonable expectations for the applicability, effectiveness and the extent of enforcement of control measures. In the absence of a data base for these parameters, sensitivity tests should be conducted.

Evaluation of Various Motorcycle Noise Stationary Test Procedures
July 1982
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Docket Analysis for the Noise Emission Regulations for Motorcycles and Motorcycle Exhaust Systems
December 1980
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This document presents all comments received from the public regarding the proposed noise emission regulations for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems and the Federal government's responses to each comment. The comments include written submissions received during the 90-day public comment period, and testimony received at the three public hearings. The comments and Agency responses address: health and welfare benefits of the regulation; economic effects of the regulation; noise control technology; enforcement of the regulation; test procedures; Acoustical Assurance Period and Sound Level Degradation Factor; labeling; mopeds; and general comments. The document also presents a statistical breakdown of all comments.

National Surface Transportation Noise Strategy - Medium and Heavy Trucks, Light Vehicles, Motorcycles, and Snowmobiles
October 1978
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This surface transportation substrategy is a follow-up to Toward a National Strategy for Noise Control. The strategy document sets forth the extent of the noise problem in the United States and the general framework for its abatement and control. This substrategy identifies the specific noise problems which stem from surface transportation vehicles (excluding railroads), and suggests the noise abatement controls which should be used to halt this growing problem.

Report on: The Contribution of Medium and Heavy Trucks to Community Noise on a National Scale
J.D. Allen; M.D. Kurre
March 1981
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Some of the community noise modelling techniques developed by Battelle for the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers' Association over the past three years have been applied to the problem of calculating the benefits, in terms of community noise reduction, of various promulgated, proposed, and hypothetical medium and heavy truck noise emission regulations. The study involved modelling the national traffic noise exposure, initially for a baseline case, and then for a sequence of different cases in which the model inputs corresponding to the medium and heavy truck noise emission levels were varied to simulate the effect of the regulations on community noise levels. It was found that the contribution of medium and heavy truck powertrains in a pre-regulatory national scenario accounted for nearly one-third of the total community noise exposure resulting from road traffic of all kinds. The 1978 (83 dBA) regulation potentially removes nearly half of the noise exposure of medium and heavy trucks. The 1983 (80 dBA) regulation brings about a less pronounced additional benefit, potentially removing somewhat more than one-fourth of the noise exposure. Still more stringent regulations bring about smaller and smaller additional benefits. The medium and heavy truck noise emission data base was compiled from recent literature. The remainder of the comprehensive data base employed was taken from a single source (EPA, Reference 12) and included: (1) noise emission characteristics of automobiles, light trucks, buses and motorcycles, (2) physical description of road types, including lane number and spacing, (3) attenuation rates for noise propagation through the community, (4) driving characteristics for all vehicle types on all road types, (5) traffic densities, (6) total miles for each road type, and (7) population densities. No attempt was made to verify the data given in Reference 12. It was expedient to perform the calculations with conditions similar to those assumed in EPA's modelling efforts. Not only in the case of input data was it desired to maximize the overlap with EPA calculations, but also in the reporting of the results. Therefore, the number of people exposed to average day-night weighted outdoor community noise levels (ldn) in excess of 55 decibels (A-weighted) was the number used to quantify traffic noise exposure on a national scale. However, because we believe that this method of quantification is insufficient when used alone, our national traffic noise exposures were further defined i terms of exceedance levels and other criterion values for Ldn. The EPA is currently modifying its community noise modelling methodology to make it more sensitive to community noise characteristics not well represented by Ldn.

Information on Noise Levels, Noise Measurment Methods and "Buy Quiet" Experiences Associated with Motorcycles
June 1980
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This packet contains information for the use of government purchasing officers and other officials in purchasing quieter Motorcycles. It is a companion document to the "Guide to Purchasing Quieter Products and Services" which describes in general terms how noise considerations can be incorporated into purchasing decisions. Together, these documents and others available through the Quiet product Data Bank maintained by the National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP) can help you develop a "Buy Quiet" Program for your government.

Federal Register - Environmental Protection Agency - Noise Emission Standards for Transportation Equipment; Additional Testing Requirements for Motorcycles and Motorcycle Exhaust Systems; Proposed Rulemaking
December 1980
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Federal Register - Environmental Protection Agency - Noise Emission Standards for Transportation Equipment; Motorcycles and Motorcycle Exhaust Systems; Final Rule
December 1980
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Control of Motorcycle Noise Volume 1 Technology and Cost Information
Steven R. Skale; Jon H. Sharp
June 1974
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This document contains information useful for the development of noise emission standards for motorcycles. Topics covered include information on motorcycle construction, noise characteristics of models currently on the market, and noise reduction techniques and costs necessary to achieve specified noise levels

Federal Register - Environmental Protection Agency - Noise Emission Standards for Transportation Equipment - Motorcycles and Motorcycle Replacement Exhaust Systems
March 1978
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An Evaluation of Strategies to Control Noise From Minibikes
Stephen D. Larson; Donna McCord Dickman
October 1981
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This report covers a series of potential control strategies for minibike noise which can be used in a metropolitan jurisdiction. Other jurisdictions would gain insight into their minibike noise problems from reading this report. These potential strategies include: a curfew alternative; a specific use area; prohibited use on public land except recreational areas and on private lands with permission of the owner; and an exploration of the possibility of a registration/licensing fee. The study was made in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is a large and wealthy suburban area that is part of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Exploration of the curfew alternative indicates that it is not a particularly effective strategy in controlling minibike noise; parental curfews prevail as minibiker are frequently early teen-agers. Other proposed control methods are similarly explored. The authors feel that the combination of strategies explored have resulted in a noise reduction for minibikes in the country. The reduction in minibike noise complaints would, undoubtedly, be greater if the specific use area strategy had been implemented in Montgomery County. Other jurisdictions are strongly encouraged to implement this strategy. The highlight of this study was a minibike rodeo to educate owner-operators on the operation of minibikes.

Code of Current Practices for Enforcement of Noise Ordinances
F.M. Kessler; M. Alexander
July 1981
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Environmental Impact Statement for the Noise Emission Regulations for Motorcycles and Motorcycle Exhaust Systems
December 1980
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This document presents an assessment of the expected benefits and impacts of the final noise emission regulations for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems. The information presented includes a description of the motorcycle and motorcycle exhaust noise problem, the statutory basis for action, a summary of the regulation, State and local programs complementary to Federal noise emission standards for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems, the rationale for regulation, the expected benefits of the regulation, the potential economic effects of the regulation, public comments on the draft environmental impact statement, and conclusions.