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Most useful EPA documents
Calculation of Day-Night Levels (Ldn) Resulting From Civil Aircraft Operations
January 1977
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A method is described for calculating values of Day/Night Levels (Ldn) at a point due to aircraft from civil airports. Two levels of sophistication are detailed - at the basic level, such factors as type of takeoff and landing procedures are considered, but aircraft range and non-standard approach glide slopes are excluded; the detailed method takes account of the latter parameters. The procedure is to determine distances between the point in question on the ground and the aircraft flight tracks and runway. A series of charts provided in the report give Ldn values for different types of aircraft in terms of these distance parameters. An adjustment is made to the noise levels for each class of aircraft to take account of the number of operations, and these adjustment levels are then added logarithmically to produce an overall noise level. This method is not suitable for generating noise contours (lines of equal Ldn value) although a method is described for estimating area and size of any given contour.
Calculation of Day-Night Levels (Ldn) Resulting From Highway Traffic
Myles A. Simpson
August 1982
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Two calculation procedures are described in this manual for estimating the day-night sound level (Ldn) at locations near major roadways. Both procedures include the use of simple charts and graphs which are designed for individuals who do not have any experience or training in noise prediction or analysis. The Direct method is a quick-look method designed to yield an approximate estimate of traffic noise exposure, which takes into account only major traffic and site characteristics. The Component method is a more detailed method designed to yield more accurate estimates, as well as the contribution of each category of vehicle on the roadway to the day-night level; it takes into account a variety of traffic, roadway and site characteristics.
Calculation of Day-Night Levels (Ldn) Resulting From Highway Traffic
Myles A. Simpson
August 1982
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Two calculation procedures are described in this manual for estimating the day-night sound level (Ldn) at locations near major roadways. Both procedures include the use of simple charts and graphs which are designed for individuals who do not have any experience or training in noise prediction or analysis. The Direct method is a quick-look method designed to yield an approximate estimate of traffic noise exposure, which takes into account only major traffic and site characteristics. The Component method is a more detailed method designed to yield more accurate estimates, as well as the contribution of each category of vehicle on the roadway to the day-night level; it takes into account a variety of traffic, roadway and site characteristics.
Calculation of Day-Night Levels (Ldn) Resulting From Highway Traffic
Myles A. Simpson
October 1979
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This manual presents calculation procedures for estimating the day-night sound level (Ldn) resulting from motor vehicle traffic on highways and other major roadways. Using the procedures in this manual one can estimate the day-night sound levels at individual locations which are exposed to the noise of automobiles, medium trucks, heavy trucks, and motorcycles.
Calculation of Day-Night Levels (Ldn) Resulting From Highway Traffic - Supplement
Myles A. Simpson
November 1979
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Two calculation procedures are described in this manual for estimating the day-night sound level (Ldn) at locations near major roadways. Both procedures include the use of simple charts and graphs which are designed for individuals who do not have any experience or training in noise prediction or analysis. The Direct method is a quick-look method designed to yield an approximate estimate of traffic noise exposure, which takes into account only major traffic and site characteristics. The Component method is a more detailed method designed to yield more accurate estimates, as well as the contribution of each category of vehicle on the roadway to the day-night level; it takes into account a variety of traffic, roadway and site characteristics.
Calculations of Maximum A-Weighted Sound Levels (dBA) Resulting From Civil Aircraft Operations
June 1978
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This document presents a procedure for calculating and documenting in an environmental impact statement or negative declaration the maximum A-weighted sound level (in units of A-weighted decibels or dBA) for single aircraft operations at specified noise-sensitive locations in the vicinity of civil airports. The procedure will enable Air Traffic and Flight Standards personnel to calculate the maiximum A-weighted sound level resulting from an aircraft takeoff or landing at any specified ground location in the vicinity of an airport. The procedure is relatively simple and straightforward. It has been developed to assist agency personnel in complying with the requirements of FAA Order 1050.1B, "Policies and Procedures for Considering Environmental Impacts", paragraph 324b(2)(b). This guidance material includes aircraft flight profile information by aircraft type and mode of operation, and peak noise level as a function of slant range to the aircraft. This procedure is not intended for developing noise contours around an entire airport or for calculating the maximum sound level at numerous points. If noise contours over a considerable area are needed, or if the airport in question has high aircraft activity, especially numerous turbojet operations, or flight tracks, it will be more prudent to use the FAA computer model - The Integrated Noise Model. This document also includes as appendix that discusses the impact of noise on people and case studies for Air Traffic and Flight Standards personnel. The case studies, along with the appendix, represent examples of the documentation that could be included as the noise section of an environmental impact statement or negative declaration. Actions which require an environmental impact statement, negative declaration, or environmental assessment are listed in FAA Order 1050.1B, Appendix 3, paragraph 4 for Air Traffic, and Appendix 4, paragraph 4 for Flight Standards. Requirements for a noise analysis are found in paragraph 324 of the order.
Calculator Airport Noise Method Volume I: User's Guide
John Moran
December 1977
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This Volume I (User's Guide) is intended for use by persons wishing to perform a simple but accurate noise prediction at selected points around an airport with a programmable calculator. These persons need not have acoustical training. Acquaintance with basic airport operations and with the Texas Instrument Model 59 Calculator are required.
The Calibration of Hydrophones for Use in Medical Ultrasonic Fields - A Review
R.A. Smith
September 1986
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A growing concern for the safety of patients exposed to medical ultrasound has highlighted the importance of the characterisation of medical ultrasound equipment in terms of absolute acoustical parameters. To meet this need, various types of miniature piezoelectric hydrophone have been produced to measure the temporal and spatial distribution of acoustic pressure in the ultrasound field. However, in order to measure absolute acoustic pressure, the receiving sensitivity of the hydrophone must be determined over a range of frequencies. This report reviews the many techniques available for calibrating hydrophones, giving details of the method, the validation and the accuracies achieved. The current state of each technique is described together with the results of comparisons between techniques and between laboratories. An important contribution to the international standardisation of some of the more established techniques has been the publication of certain standards which are also reviewed.
A Case Study of the Closing of a Federal Activity
W. Thomas Callahan; Wilson V. Varga
September 1982
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Federal activities can close without resort to reduction-in-force (RIF) procedures and avoid the costs and personnel turbulence attendant to a RIF. Phaseout, rather than precipitous closing, can also avoid loss of property and diminution of respect for the national government. This report documents in detail the steps taken by the managers of one Federal activity that conducted a gradual phaseout. Emphasis is placed on personnel outplacement, the bolstering of state programs to carry on the Federal work that is ending, retirement of program records and technical information, fulfillment of regulatory requirements, disposition and security of property, and assurance of fiscal accountability. Discussions are illustrated with specimens of documents that can be adapted for use by other activities that close.
Catalog of STC and IIC Ratings for Wall and Floor.Ceiling Assemblies
Russell B. Dupree
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Changing Times Magazine - "Let's Have Quiet In This House!"
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Chrysler Corporation Response to ONAC Docket 81-02 (Medium and Heavy Trucks)AN-490
April 1981
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Cirrus Research limited - Short Form - Acoustic & Vibration Measurement For Industry
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City of Des Plaines, IL Response to ONAC Docket 81-02 (Medium and Heavy Trucks) ANR-490
April 1981
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Civil Aviation Studies and Interagency Coordinating Organizations - Volume 1
Carl Modig
December 1974
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A background information the federal noise abatement program, past and present federal organizations set up to coordinate civil aviation policy are described, including those dealing with the aircraft noise problem. Commissions and agency task groups who studied civil aviation problems are also described. Descriptions include membership, authorization, outline history, objectives, activities, staff, outputs (reports, proposals, etc.), impact, and mechanisms for modifications of organizational structure or goals. The evolution of these organizations from after World War II to the present is traced, both those coordinating research those coordinating operational policy. Typical problems that have been encountered by various organizations are discussed. Some conclusions of the study are: (1) in the early 1960's there was no institution actively coordinating federal aircraft noise abatement activities; (2) much of the impetus for better coordination has come from Congress; (3) successful coordination requires high-level agency and Administration support; (4) the host agency may have difficulty securing cooperation of other agencies.
Code of Current Practices for Enforcement of Noise Ordinances
F.M. Kessler; M. Alexander
July 1981
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This report provides communities interested in adopting a noise control ordinance with measurement procedures for effective enforcement. The first segment discusses the theory of sound, terminology, and computation methods. Vibration measurement and criteria are also presented. The second segment of this report presents the current measurement procedures. Noise and vibration measurement procedures are presented for stationary noise sources. These include statistical sampling and steady sound techniques, both weighted and octave band. Both roadway (passby) and stationary sound level measurement methods are provided for automobiles, trucks, and motorcycles. Sound measurement procedures are also included for buses, construction equipment, model vehicles, recreation vehicles, and refuse collection vehicles. Sketches of the measurement sites and forms for reporting measured data are provided for each measurement procedure.
Code of Federal Regulations - Transportation - 49 - Parts 200 to 399
October 1982
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Code of Federal Regulations - Transportation - 49 - Parts 200 to 399
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Colorado Springs, Colorado - Case History of a Municipal Noise Control Program
February 1979
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This technical case study of the noise control program in Colorado Springs, Colorado, was developed to enable noise control administrators and municipal officials from other local communities to benefit from the experience gained in Colorado Springs. This study was prepared under the direction of the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Noise Abatement and Control. Colorado Springs was chosen for this study because the city has a vigorous noise control program that receives enthusiastic support from the city government and the populace. As with any local community program for noise control and abatement, it is a unique product of many community factors such as environment, demography, economic growth and business composition, structure and function of municipal government, and especially the interest and resourcefulness of the key individuals responsible for operating the program. Because of these and other variables, it is difficult if not impossible to attribute the program's overall success to any particular aspect of the effort. Rather, this report examines the Colorado Springs program in all of its phases with particular emphasis on those aspect which could be employed successfully byother local communities. Those who use this report should avoid the oversimplification of attempting to apply the methods used by Colorado Springs in an identical way to their own communities. A successful community noise control program will be a program that is responsive to the particular needs and problems of that community. The significant ingredients of the Colorado Springs noise control effort are the ideas and concepts that can be appropriated for that city and adapted to the needs and problems of other communities. How those ideas and concepts are specifically adapted, however, can be determined only by the noise control administrator or municipal official responsible for developing the program.
Columnist and Member Combine to Distinguish "Buy Quiet" Approach From Federal Regulation
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Combatting Noise in the 90's: A National Strategy for the United States
December 1991
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Combined Effects of Noise and Vibration on Human Tracking Performance and Response Time
Henry C. Sommer; C. Stanley Harris
March 1973
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In our laboratory vibration has been shown to be the primary cause of performance impairment in studies of the combined effects of noise and vibration on human tracking performance. Noise has had little consistent effect when presented alone, and has added little or not all to the impairment produced by vibration. In two studies with heat included as a third stressor, vibration presented alone had a slightly more adverse effect on tracking performance than combined heat, noise and vibration. In the present experiment, 12 subjects were exposed to lower noise and vibration levels for a longer period of time than used previously. Subjects were tested under the following conditions: (1) no vibration - 60 dB (dB re 20 uN/m2) noise; (2) no vibration - 100 dB noise; (3) 6 Hz vibration at 0.10 g2 - 60 dB noise; and (4) 6 Hz vibration at 0.10 g2 - 100 dB noise. Noise had no significant effects on tracking performance, while vibration adversely affected both dimensions of the tracking task. On both horizontal and vertical tracking, vibration combined with 60 dB noise produced greater impairment than vibration combined with 100 dB noise. These results parallel previous findings from studies of combined noise, heat, and vibration, and give support to a subtractive interaction interpretation of the combined effects of noise and vibration on human tracking performance.
Comments of American Trucking Associations, Inc. In Support of Petition for Reconsideration of Section 205,52(a), the 1982 Standard
Nelson J. Cooney; Allan J. Thiemann; William E. Johns; Larry W. Strawhorn
January 1981
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Comments of General Motors Corporation with Respect to Noise Emission Standards: Medium and Heavy Trucks
April 1981
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Community Involvement Manual
William J. Willkie; F. Roy Madgwick; Robert A. Sweatt; Caroline A. Grievson; Eileen M. Carlton
August 1990
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This manual is written for planning professional and others dealing with airport development and the concerns airport communities. Community involvement is a broad and evolving area of study. The manual is designed to provide practical guidelines for involving the community in a variety of aviation planning situations. Since planning and community involvement situations will vary with different airports, communitites, issues, and points in the planning process, this manual outlines a process for identifying community involvement needs, evaluating techniques to meet these needs and designing a workable program.
Community Noise
December 1971
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This report addresses the part of the overall noise pollution problem which is associated with outdoor noise in the community. It attempts to provide a quantitative framework for understanding the nature of the outdoor noise environment and the reaction of people and community to its various aspects. The detailed information in this report provides backup to the summary material in the EPA report, as well as additional material relevant to meaningful measures of the noise environment for both future community noise monitoring and research purposes.
Community Noise
December 1971
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This report addresses the part of the overall noise pollution problem which is associated with outdoor noise in the community. It attempts to provide a quantitative framework for understanding the nature of the outdoor noise environment and the reaction of people and community to its various aspects. The detailed information in this report provides backup to the summary material in the EPA report, as well as additional material relevant to meaningful measures of the noise environment for both future community noise monitoring and research purposes.
Community Noise Around General Aviation Airports from the Year 1975 to 2000
William J. Galloway; Ricarda L. Bennett
September 1981
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This study forecasts general aviation airport noise from 1975 to the year 2000. It focuses upon noise due to propeller-driven and business jet airplanes that operate at exclusively general aviation airports throughout the country. The results of the study, expressed in terms of geographical area and population within day-night average sound levels of 55 decibels and higher, are estimated at five-year intervals covering this study period. It is projected that the number of general aviation airplanes in the United States will more than double during these years; however; there will not be a comparable increase in the number of airports. The average sound level for the propeller-driven airplanes is not expected to decrease significantly, but the average sound level associated with the projected business jet fleet will decrease by approximately 16 decibels by the year 2000. As greater numbers of quieter airplanes are introduced into the general aviation fleet, the area (outside of the immediate airport boundaries) exposed to various noise levels is expected to decrease. This is accompanied by a reduction in the number of people exposed to a day-night average sound level of 65 decibels from 47,000 people in 1975 to zero population in the year 2000. In contrast, there were 1.2 million people exposed to day-night average sound levels of 55 decibels in 1975 with an expected increase to 1.5 million by the year 2000.
Community Noise Assessment Manual - Social Survey Workbook
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The U.S. Environemtnal Protection Agency has developed a "Community Noise Assessment Manual" to provide local governments detailed guidelines in developing a comprehensive noise control program. This manual includes the following documents: Acoustical Survey, Social Survey Workbook, and Community Noise Strategy Guidelines. This specific document - the second referenced above - is a workbook which provides specific instruction for the design and administration of a social survey of community attitudes towards noise. The reader is referred to the U.S Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Noise Abatement and Control for assistance in analysis and interpretation of this survey data and for infromation concerning the other referenced publications.
Community Noise Assessment Manual - Startegy Guidelines for Developing a Community Noise Control Program
August 1979
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In response to Congressional mandates, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, has funded the development of a series of manuals, prepared by Wyle Laboratories, to support a Quiet Cities Program. The first of these manuals, entitled "Community Noise Assessment Manual - Social Survey Workbook," provided detailed instructions for conducting an attitudinal survey on noise in a community. The second manual, entitled "Community Noise Assessment Manual - Acoustical Survey," provided detailed practical procedures for conducting a noise measurement survey in a community. This manual, the third in this series, is designed to assist local governments in making logical and cost-effective decisions on the allocation of funds to reduce the adverse effects of noise in their communities. To make maximum use of the material in this document, a community will have utilized the preceding manuals, or their equivalents, to obtain detailed data on the noise environment, and attitudes toward this environment, in their community. However, this manual also stands alone in that it contains many useful guidelines and procedures which a community can utilize to decide on the most efficient allocation of effort and funds directed toward preserving the natural resource - quiet - in their community.
Community Noise Assessment Manual - User's Manual for the Social Survey Computer System
July 1981
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The Attitudinal Survay Data Analysis System (ASDAS) is a system of computer programs. It is designed to analyze the raw numbers generated by a sociological survey (the Community Noise Assessment Social Survey) and produce from them a series of concise, meaningful reports. The system is administered by the State and Local Programs Division of the EPA's Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC). In conjunction with the Acoustical Data Reduction and Noise Optimization (NOIZOP) computer programs, ASDAS makes up the data processing and of a larger system of data collection and data processing protocols. This larger system is called LISTEN, an acronym for Local Information System to Evaluate Noise. (Strictly speaking, LISTEN refers only to the data processing end of this system, but the term is often used to refer the system as a whole). LISTEN enables a community to determine the most effective combination of noise control measures to employ, given: the nature and distribution of noise sources within the community; the extent and manner in which noise affects the community's residents; and the budgetary limits imposed on the community's planners. Figure 1-1 shows ASDAS' relationship to the rest of LISTEN.
Community Noise Assessment Manual: Acoustical Survey of a Community
July 1981
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This report was prepared by EPA, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, in support of its function to provide technical assisstance to communities. It is one of nine which comprises the Community Noise Assessment Manual. The Manual provides a comprehensive and computerized system for assessing the noise problems of a community and then planning a noise control strategy for its abatement. This Manual presents the technical instructions and guidelines needed by municipal authorities to carry out an initial noise survey. This survey will determine average noise levels ad major noise sources for the community as a whole. It can be used in planning noise reduction measures to benefit the entire community or a substantial portion thereof.
Community Noise Counseling Program - Final Report
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The Community Noise Counseling Program sponsored by the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) was initiated September 22, 1978, with funding provided by the Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control. The program administration was the responsibility of the Association's Senior Community Service Employment Program, SCSEP, Special Programs Office; and form the start, the program was carried out in conjunction with the older worker employment program as a cooperative effort. The Senior Community Service Employment Program is funded by Title V of the Older Americans Act, administered by the U.S. Department of Labor, and sponsored by the American Association of Retired Persons as grantee. SCSEP eligible enrollees were recruited and assigned to the Community Noise Program by Project Directors in local project offices where needs were identified and site selection was made and approved by EPA Noise Program Officials. Also, in some instances where sites were selected and no local SCSEP project existed, Noise Counselors were recruited as Special Program enrollees, and were paid on a part-time basis from EPA grant funds. Several volunteers were also recruited to act as Noise Counselors. These volunteers, located in four states, were given formal trainging and individual instruction in Community Noise Abatement projects. A Volunteer Noise COunselors handbook, "Sound Advice", was developed, and a volunteer organizers handbook prepared for volunteer leaders, and an 8 minute slide/tape presentation was developed to recruit volunteers. To perpetuate the all volunteer program for Community Noise COunselors, the AARP Program Department has prepared a proposal for funding to support training and volunteer leaders travel necessary to establish the program on a national basis. Supportive noise materials have been developed for use and may be reproduced in quantity for the volunteers use, given funding. Attached as a part of this report are "A Volunteer Noise Counselor's Guide" and "A Volunteer Organizer's Guide", developed by the AARP Program Department for A Volunteer Noise Abatement Program entitled "Sound Advice".
Community Noise Counseling Program - Handbook for Community Noise Counselors
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The following handbook has been written for you, the community noise counselor. It contains both information and ideas which will help you in your efforts to improve the quality of life in your neighborhood. This handbook is a resource document as well as a workbook. You will read about the reasons for a noise counseling program, the role of the noise counselor, and some of the techniques a noise counselor can use in reducing noise in a community. You will also find some forms in the appendix which have been designed to help you set your objectives and to assist you in locating the key people in your community who can help you reach your objectives. In addition to this handbook, special training is available. This training can play an important part in your role as a community noise counselor. However, you are not expected to become a technical expert in the properties of sound or in the intricate details of sound measurement. Your role is that of a catalyst, providing information, ideas, and direction to individuals, citizen groups, and perhaps public officials who can take action to reduce their own noise exposure as well as the exposure of others as a result of your efforts.
Community Noise Fundamentals: A Training Manual
P.L. Michael; W.T. Achor; G.R. Bienvenue; D.M. Dejoy; R.L. Kerlin; A.H. Kohut; J.H. Prout
March 1979
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This manual is designed as a reference to be used by persons involved in community noise programs. Basic information is provided on topics ranging from the basics of sound and hearing to noise measurement and control to rules and regulations. Guidelines are provided for the user to select sections related to particular community noise program tasks.
Community Noise Ordinances: Their Evolution, Purpose and Impact
Clifford R. Bragdon
March 1973
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In the United States most municipal noise ordinances initially regulated street related activities, however, these early provisions were generally non-quantitative and consequently unenforceable. The first ordinances containing specific permissible noise levels regulated either activities fixed to the land (industrial activity being the primary source) or automobile and trucks operating on roadways. Today more comprehensive ordinances are evolveing and these regulations are the basis for expanded municipal noise control programs. Their impact has varied due to the quality, content and administration of these ordinances. Recently approved Federal noise legislation (Noise Control Act of 1972) will have a profound influence on the quality and quantity of municipal ordinances.
Community Profiles Developed for the Social Impact Assessment of the Inshore/Offshore Amendment Proposal
January 1991
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Comparison of Noise and Vibration Levels in Rapid Transit Vehicle Systems
Edward W. Davis
April 1964
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A Comparison of Sound Power Levels from Portable Air Compressors Based Upon Test Methodologies Adopted by U.S. EPA and the CEC
December 1980
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On December 30, 1975, the United States government issued a regulation which set limits on the amount of noise emitted from portable air compressors. This regulation also specified the noise test procedure to determine the maximum sound pressure level of compressors. On April 5, 1978, the Commission of the European of the European Communities (CEC) submitted a proposed directive to the Council of the European Communities, that also would set limits on the noise emitted by portable air compressors within the European Economic Community (EEC). The proposed directive also specified the test procedure to determine the sound power emitted from a compressor. It became evident that both U.S. and European manufacturers may need to perform two separate noise tests on their compressors if they intend to meet both existing U.S. and the proposed EEC noise standards. At the request of industry, U.S. government representatives entered into discussions with representatives of the CEC in November 1975. These discussions led to an agreement between the CEC and the U.S. EPA to jointly conduct comparative noise tests of various size compressors to assess the potential for alignment of the existing U.S. and proposed CEC test procedures. The test results presented in this report are the end product of those bilateral discussions and technical cooperation between the CEC and the EPA.
A Comparison of Sound Power Levels from Portable Air Compressors Based Upon Test Methodologies Adopted by U.S. EPA and the EEC
December 1980
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On December 30, 1975, the United States government issued a regulation which set limits on the amount of noise emitted from portable air compressors. This regulation also specified the noise test procedure to determine the maximum sound pressure level of compressors. On Arpil 5, 1978, the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) submitted a propsed directive to the Council of the European Communities, that also would set limits on the noise emitted by portable air compressors within the European Economic Community (EEC). The proposed directive also specified the test procedure to determine the sound power emitted from a compressor. It became evident that both U.S. and European manufacturers may need to perform two separate noise tests on their compressors if they intend to meet both existing U.S. and the proposed EEC noise standards. At the request of industry, U.S. government representatives entered into discussions with representatives of the CEC in November 1975. These discussions led to an agreement between the CEC and the U.S. EPA to jointly conduct comparative noise tests of various size compressors to assess the potential for alignment of the existing U.S. and the proposed CEC test procedures. The test results presented in this report are the end product of those bilateral discussions and technical cooperation between the CEC and the EPA.
Comparison of Various Methods for Predicting the Loudness and Acceptability of Noise
B. Scharf; R. Hellman; J. Bauer
August 1977
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The objective of this investigation was to compare commonly employed frequency weightings and calculation rating schemes with respect to their ability to predict the subjective effect of sound. This report presents the results of a detailed examination of 23 studies in which listeners judged either the loudness or acceptability of sound. These studies included data available from both the laboratory and the field, and encompassed a wide variety of natural and simulated noise stimuli. The following parameters were examined: (1) subjective attribute judged, (2) type of noise, (3) presence or absence of tonal components, (4) mode of sound presentation, and (5) effect of sound pressure level on observed discrepancies between measurements and predictions. Included in this analysis are computations of absolute mean differences between subjectively equal sounds, mean differences between calculated and measured levels, and standard deviations for each frequency-weighting and calculation system. Among the overall findings were that (a) the standard deviations produced by the A, D1, D2, and E frequency weighting schemes are significantly smaller than the standard deviations produced by the B and C weightings; (b) the standard deviations produced by the D1 and E weightings are not significantly different from each other but are significantly smaller than that produced by the A weighting; (c) the D2 weighting does not appear to be significantly better than either the D1 or E weightings, nor is it statistically different from the A weighting; (d) only the Mark VI and Mark VII calculation systems show significantly smaller standard deviations than the D1 and E weightings, although the Mark VI, Mark VII, PNL, and Zwicker systems all exhibitsignificantly smaller standard deviations than the A, B, and C weightings.
Comparison of Various Methods for Predicting the Loudness and Acceptability of Noise - Part II: Effects of Spectral Pattern and Tonal Components
B. Scharf; R. Hellman
November 1979
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The present report is a continuation of an earlier report by Scharf, Hellman and Bauer (1977). The objectives are (1) to determine whether subjective judgments of particular types of noise, categorized by spectral shape, are better approximated by some descriptors (frequency weightings and calculation procedures) than by others, and (2) to investigate the role of tonal components in these studfies and to assess the adequacy of several tone-correction procedures. The analysis of data by spectral shape produced a mixed outcome. Results showed that no overall advantage would accrue from regrouping sets of data across studies on the basis of similar spectral shapes. However, although variability was not reduced when considered across nine spectral categories, the interaction between spectral shape and descriptor was highly significant (p < .001). The examination of over 500 spectra with and without tonal components provided only tentative support for the trends noted in the literature. When the judged attribute is either loudness or noisiness, tonal components do not seem to add to the subjective magnitude of broad-band noise below 80 dB sound pressure level. At higher levels, according to one large-scale study, tonal components seemed to add the equivalent of 2 dB to the judged noisiness. No data could be locatedthat would permit adequate assessment of the contribution of tonal components to the "absolute" magnitude of judged annoyance or unacceptability (as distinct from noisiness or loudness). Given the small effect of tonal components in the present group of studies, the evaluation of three different tone-correction procedures (FAR 36, 1969; Kryter and Pearson's, 1965; and Steven's, 1970) could not lead to definitive conclusions about their relative merits. Although a small correction may be necessary for the presence of tonal components at high levels, the tone-correction procedures now available cannot be properly evaluated until more appropriate data that demonstrate the need for a tone correction are obtained.
Compendium of Materials for Noise Control
June 1975
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The compendium of available commercial, noise-reduction materials was developed for use by plant engineers, industrial hygienists, acoustical consultants, and others engaged in noise control. It can be used to determine the availability of noise control materials, the characteristics and specifications of the materials, and their supply sources. Also included are data on both sound absorption and transmission loss of materials and a general and technical description of the uses and limitations of the materials listed.
Computer Programs for the Strategy Guidelines for Developing a Community Noise Control Program
Patrick K. Glenn
July 1981
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This report was prepared by EPA, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, in support of its function to provide technical assistance to communities. It is one of nine which comprises the Community Noise Assessment Manual. The Manual provides a comprehensive and computerized system for assessing the noise problems of a community and then planning a noise control strategy for its abatement. This report provides a copy of the computer programs required for running the "Strategy Guidelines for Developing a Community Noise Control Program." The programs have been written for a UNIVAC 1108. The source language used is FORTRAN IV. A listing of the source programs are included in the report.
Conference on General Aviation Airport Noise and Land Use Planning Vol. I - Proceedings
Edited by Clifford R. Bragdon
February 1980
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This report constitutes the proceedings of the three day conference on general aviation airport noise and land use planning. Included are advance copies of the speakers' presentations that were available at the conference, a summary of each of the five panels, a noise bibliography, and a transcription of all discussions including audience participation. The conference was unique in the sense that a diverse group of indiviuals were invited to attend representing the wide range of constituents of general aviation. They were encouraged to participate by expressing their interests and views and to interact with each other. Because of the novel aspects of the conference and the fact that there is no comparable information available elsewhere, it was determined to reproduce all discussions as accurately as possible. It is anticipated that other conferences of this nature will be held and that this report will provide valuable background and reference information.
Conference on General Aviation Airport Noise and Land Use Planning Vol. II - Prepared Papers
Edited by Clifford R. Bragdon
February 1980
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This report constitutes the proceedings of the three day conference on general aviation airport noise and land use planning. Included are advance copies of the speakers' presentations that were available at the conference, a summary of each of the five panels, a noise bibliography, and a transcription of all discussions including audience participation. The conference was unique in the sense that a diverse group of indiviuals were invited to attend representing the wide range of constituents of general aviation. They were encouraged to participate by expressing their interests and views and to interact with each other. Because of the novel aspects of the conference and the fact that there is no comparable information available elsewhere, it was determined to reproduce all discussions as accurately as possible. It is anticipated that other conferences of this nature will be held and that this report will provide valuable background and reference information.
Conference on General Aviation Airport Noise and Land Use Planning Vol. III - Proceedings
Edited by Clifford R. Bragdon
February 1980
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This report constitutes the proceedings of the three day conference on general aviation airport noise and land use planning. Included are advance copies of the speakers' presentations that were available at the conference, a summary of each of the five panels, a noise bibliography, and a transcription of all discussions including audience participation. The conference was unique in the sense that a diverse group of indiviuals were invited to attend representing the wide range of constituents of general aviation. They were encouraged to participate by expressing their interests and views and to interact with each other. Because of the novel aspects of the conference and the fact that there is no comparable information available elsewhere, it was determined to reproduce all discussions as accurately as possible. It is anticipated that other conferences of this nature will be held and that this report will provide valuable background and reference information.
Conference on Noise Abatement Policies
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Congressional Record - Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd Congress, Second Session
October 1972
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Construction Noise Control Technology Initiatives
C.W. Patton; W. Benson; J. Kirkland; L. Ronk; B. Rudman; R. Samis; M. Staiano
September 1980
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The objective of this report is to develop construction noise technology initiatives which could be implemented by the Technology and Federal Programs Division, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, U.S. EPA during the period FY1981-FY1985. The report includes background information on the impact of construction noise, actions that have been carried out by Federal, State and local governments to control construction equipment and construction site noise, and a forecast of construction activity for the period 1980-1985. Construction noise technology needs are developed by: (1) analyzing the noise problems and needs of State and local governments reported in several EPA sponsored surveys; (2) interviews with knowledgable persons in the Federal government, and (3) a telephone survey of equipment manufacturers, construction contractors and trade organizations. Technology initiatives are identified based on the analysis of needs. Project descriptions for each initiative are included in the Appendix. The relative priority for implementing each project is determined using a priority ranking scheme. Finding and conclusions based on the expressed needs, the techology initiatives, and the priority for implementing the technology projects are presented.
Construction Site Noise Impact
F.M. Kessler; M. Alexander, N. Moiseev
February 1978
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This manual presents a procedure for assessing the noise impact of construction activity. The manual presentd methods for measureing and estimating baseline sound levels, for estimating coustruction site sound levels, and for assessing noise impact and compliance with state and local noise regulations. Also included is a section describing construction equipment and construction process noise methods. A construction site noise model is presented which uses equipment sound levels and usage factors. Worksheets and graphs are provided to assist in the computations. Acoustical computational procedures, as well as equipment sound levels and usage factors, state and local regulations, and illustrative examples, are presented in Appendices.
Control of Motorcycle Noise Volume 1 Technology and Cost Information
Steven R. Skale; Jon H. Sharp
June 1974
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This document contains information useful for the development of noise emission standards for motorcycles. Topics covered include information on motorcycle construction, noise characteristics of models currently on the market, and noise reduction techniques and costs necessary to achieve specified noise levels
Control of Railroad Wheel Screech Noise
Francis Kirchner
August 1968
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Control of Snowmobile Noise Volume 1 Technology and Cost Information
Bruce A. Davy; Ben H. Sharp
June 1974
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This document contains information useful for the development of noise emission standards for snowmobiles. Topics covered include information on snowmobile construction, noise characteristics of models currently on the market, and noise reduction techniques and costs necessary to achieve specified noise levels,
Conversion of Octave-Band Noise Data to Equivalent A-Weighted Levels
Donald C. Gasaway
December 1971
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Bioacoustic criteria incorporating A-weighted sound levels have been widely adopted in industry and government; yet much of the noise data currently stored or in use by the Air Force is expressed in octave bands. The Air Force is finding it increasingly necessary to convert these data to equivalent A-weighted values. This report describes and illustrates a simple device - a dial-type calculator - with which such conversion can be made. Five different A-weighted conversions are provided: two for data expressed in the old octave bands, and three for data expressed in the newer set (preferred) of octave bands.
Copy of MVMA's Letter to the President
February 1981
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Cost and Price Impacts of an 80-dBA Truck Noise Regulation
E.K. Bender; R.L. Bronsdon; J.A. Kane
June 1981
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This report deals with the incremental price and cost impacts of implementing an 80-dBA noise regulation for medium and heavy duty trucks. The incremental impacts represent the price and cost differential of moving from the current 83-dBA regulation to an 80-dBA regulation. The results are based on updated estimates from the original Background Document, product verification reports, and estimates developed from the Quiet Truck Demonstration Program.
Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Noise Reduction Methods for Construction of Family Housing
P.D. Schomer; F.M. Kessler; R.C. Channud; B.L. Homans; J.C. McBryan
July 1976
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The objective of this work was to obtain the cost/benefit relationships associated with new, quieter construction equipment and/or construction process modification. A workable cost/benefit model was developed for this purpose, but a significantly larger data base must be acquired to apply this model. The initial work effort concentrated on one type of construction - multifamily housing construction. Significant findings included: (1) Construction sitr boundary noise can be significantly reduced by a number of currently available techniques; (2) the use of two quiter machines of a lower capacity in lieu of one standard machine not only costs more but is of questionable noise control value; since the total noise exposure is sometimes greater from two machines than than from one large machine; (3) cost/benefit relationships for estimating purposes can be provided only after a significantly larger data base is obtained.
A Critical Review of Time-of-Day Weighting Factors for Cumulative Measures of Community Noise Exposure
S. Fidell; T.J. Schultz
April 1980
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This report was prepared at the request of the Office of Noise Abatement and Control of the Environmental Protection Agency to review the rationale and evidence for time of day weighting factors applied to cumulative measures of community noise exposure such as the Day-Night Sound Level (Ldn). The nature of the controversy over "nighttime penalties" was examined, as was the evidence of differential human sensitivity to noise exposure at different times of day. It was determined that available information does not support rigorous arguments for or against time of day weighting factors, but that ample grounds exist for maintaining time of day weighting factors of some form.
Current Environmental Research in Transportation
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Current Industrial Reports - Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures, 1983
April 1985
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