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Most useful EPA documents
The Ability of Mildly Hearing-Impaired Individuals to Discriminate Speech in Noise
Alice H. Suter
January 1978
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The purpose of the investigation was to explore the relationship between hearing level at various audiometric frequencies and speech discrimination in different noise backgrounds. The study was designed specifically to test the American Academy of Opthamology and Otolaryngology's (AAOO) selection of a 26-dB average of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, as the point above which hearing handicap occurs. The AAOO method for computing hearing handicap has lately been brought into question for two primary reasons: that the 26-dB fence is too high, and for the exclusion of frequencies above 2000 Hz. The present study, therefore, attempted to see if there were differences among individuals whose hearing was at or better than the low fence, and if so, what factors caused or affected the differences.
About Sound
May 1976
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This booklet is intended for anyone requiring a knowledge of the fundamentals of acoustics and noise. It provides enough detail to allow the reader to become familiar with the physical phenomenon of sound and how it is propagated, described, and , to a certain degree, percieved. A bibliography is provided for those requiring more detailed technical information on specific aspects of this expansive subject.
Acoustic Alteration of Speech Processed Through Air Craft Communications Systems
Donald C. Gasaway
November 1974
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Speech picked up at the speaker's lips and processed through standard Air Force electroacoustic-communication systems undergoes acoustic alteration that affects intelligibility. Features of such acoustic alteration and its importance to Air Force opertions are presented.
Acoustic and Stroboscopic Instruments Price List
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Acoustic Terminology Guide
June 1978
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The development and the acceptance of terminology standards has not kept pace with the increase in environmental-noise nomenclature. As a consequence, not only do the members of the noise control profession witness confusion in the use of terminology, but the public faces a sometimes overwhelming task of extracting substantive information out of noise directives and reports, while wading through ambiguous and confusing terminology. Faced with this problem, the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Noise Control Programs approved the formation of an ad-hoc task group to explore this problem. The group's intention was to generate a standard EPA list of acoustical descriptors, symbols, and units that would be consistent with current standards and usage. To assure that this condition was met, the group employed standards developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics and Biomechanics (CHABA) as a basis for its work. Mr. Daniel Flynn of the National Bureau of Standards participated as a consultant to the group.
Acoustical and Thermal Performance of Exterior Residential Walls, Doors and Windows
Hale J. Sabine; Myron B. Lacher; Daniel R. Flynn; Thomas L. Quindry
November 1975
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Laboratory tests of sound transmission loss, thermal transmittance, and rate of air leakage were conducted on full scale (9 feet high x 14 feet wide; 2.7 x 4.3 meters) specimens of typical residential exterior wall constructions, either unbroken or penetrated by a door or window. The walls were of wood frame construction with gypsum board drywall interior finish and exterior finish finishes of wood siding, stucco, or brick veneer. Additional acoustical tests were run on a number of individual doors and windows. A total of 109 acoustical tests and 48 thermal tests are reported. The resultant data are compared with literature data on similar constructions. Correlations developed among the several quantities measured will assist more rational design where both energy conservation and noise isolation must be considered.
Acoustical and Vibrational Performance of Floating Floors
Istvan L. Ver
October 1969
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The purpose of the investigations described in this report was to provide better understanding of the acoustical and vibrational performance of floating floors and to use the knowledge gained for the preparation of design charts. The behavior of the sound and vibration transmission of floating floors in the low-frequency and high-frequency range were analyzed separately. In the low-frequency region, the basic resonance frequency, above which excess attenuation becomes possible, was calculated. The high-frequency behavior was investigated by the statistical energy analysis method. In order to evaluate the theoretical results, we measured dynamic stiffness and loss factors of various commonly used resilient mounts. For all measured mounts, the dynamic stiffness was found to be frquency independent and ti increase with increasing static load. The theoretical investigation showed that the lowest possible basic resonance is given by the surface mass of the floating floor and the stiffness of the trapped air cushion. It is demonstrated that properly loaded neoprene, precompressed glass fiber, or cork mounts, being nearly as soft as the trapped air, enable one to approach this basic resonance frequency. Well above the basic resonance frequency, the excess sound transmission loss obtained by adding the floating slab increases with a slope of 30 dB/decade. This large potential excess attenuation can be only partially realized because of unavoidable flanking transmission through the walls common to the source and receiving rooms. A simple engineering procedure is suggested for estimating the flanking transmission.
Acoustical Society of America - Catalog of Acoustical Standards
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Acoustical Society of America - Catalog of Acoustical Standards
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Acoustical Society of America - Index to Noise Standards
Avril Brenig; Patricia A. Corcoran
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Acoustical Survey/Computerized Data Reduction Procedures
Patrick K. Glenn
July 1981
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This report was prepared by EPA, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, in support of its function to provide technical assistance to communities. It is one of nine which comprises the Community Noise Assessment Manual. The Manual provides a comprehensive and computerized system for assessing the noise problems of a community and then planning a noise control strategy for its abatement. This report provides the computerized procedures for running an acoustical survey for a community as described in the report: "Acoustical Survey for a Community." This computer program is written in FORTRAN IV and requires approximately 54,000 decimal words of core to operate. The program is designed for a UNIVAC 1108.
Acquisition and Study of the Noise Data of Certain Electrical and Mechanical Equipment Used in Buildings
Laymon N. Miller
January 1970
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This report srizes the accumulation and study of noise data of the electrical and mechanical equipment agreed upon within the terms of Contract No. DACA 73-68-C-0017 between the Office of the Chief of Engineers and Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. The equipment included in this study represents most major equipment involved in the operation of almost any large occupied building, with the exception of (1) the entire air handling and air distribution system and (2) personnel and material conveyance systems (elevators, escalators and conveyors). The purpose of this report is to arrive at noise estimation methods for the various types of included equipment, so that a reasonably reliable noise estimate can be made of the equipment, on the basis of type, size, speed or other operational characteristic, without having to first define the specific manufacturer and model of the equipment. With such noise estimates, the architect and engineer can proceed with building designs of mechanical spaces that would adequately contain or control the noise of this equipment, before final equipment bids are submitted and selected. The noise estimation methods derived in this report are used in the final report of this project which is an engineering manual entitled "Mechanical Equipment Noise Control". This manual is a follow-up of the earlier BBN-OCE manual on Power Plant Acoustics (TM 5-805-9) and will be directed toward the design of noise and vibration control for the electrical and mechanical equipment as installed in buildings.
Actions Affecting Land-Use Compatibility at U.S. Airports
T. Barano; J. Schettino
March 1982
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This report documents the actions taken by airports as a result of recommendations made by Airport Noise Control and Land Use Compatibility (ANCLUS) studies funded by the Airport and Airways Development Act of 1970 (ADAP) and as a result of FY 1980 Federal grants authorized by the Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Act of 1980.
Ad Hoc International Meeting of Regulatory Officials on Alignment of Noise Test Procedures
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This Compendium was prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, who served as Secretariat and host for the first Ad Hoc International Meeting of Regulatory Officials on Alignment of Noise Test Procedures held in Washington, D.C., December 9-12, 1980. The Commission of European Communities has offered to serve as the Secretariat for a subsequent Ad Hoc Meeting to be held in 1981.
Administrative Conference of the United States: The Dormant Noise Control Act and Options to Abate Noise Pollution - Noise and Its Effects
Sidney A. Shapiro; Alice H. Suter
November 1991
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In early 1981, the Director of the Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was informed that the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) had decided to end funding of ONAC and that the matter was non-negotiable. Congress' eventual acquiescence in OMB's action was, and remains, unique. Of the twenty-eight environmental and health and safety statutes passes between 1958 and 1980, the Noise Control Act of 1972 (NCA) stands alone in being stripped of budgetary support. Since Congress did not repeal the NCA when it eliminated ONAC's funding, EPA remains legally responsible for enforcing the regulations it issued under the Act, but without any budget support legislated for that purpose. Moreover, although some of the regulations are now out of date, and others may be inadequate, EPA's lack of budgetary support effectively precludes their amendment. Since the NCA preempts local and state governments from regulating noise sources in many situations, these levels of government may not be able to step into the void created by COngress' decision not to fund EPA. This report considers the future of noise abatement in the United States and what role EPA should play in that function. Part I describes the history of noise abatement in the United States before ONAC was created, during its tenure, and after its abolition. Part II evaluates the role of local and state governments in noise reduction and EPA's relationship to such efforts. Part III assesses the role of the federal government and EPA in noise reduction. The report concludes that it would be unfortunate for COngress to maintain the status quo where EPA has ongoing legal duties, but it has no funding to carry them out. Although Congress could eliminate the federal government's responsibilities for noise abatement, the NCA, with modifications, should remain in force. This does not mean, however, that EPA should merely pick up where it left off 10 years ago. Instead of relying primarily on emissions controls as it did previously, EPA should emphasize abatement approaches that rely on local and state activity, on market incentives, and on coordination with other agencies, private standard-setting groups, and regulatory agencies in other countries.
Advisory Circular - Estimated Airplane Noise Levels in A-Weighted Decibels
August 1990
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This circular provides listings of estimated airplane noise levels in units of A-weighted sound level in decibels (dBA), ranked in descending order for the conditions and assumptions described below. This information is provided both for aircraft that have been noise type certificated under Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 36 and for aircraft for which no such requirement currently exists.
Aeroacoustics of Flight Vehicles: Theory and Practice - Volume 1: Noise Sources
Harvey H. Hubbard
August 1991
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This document is oriented toward flight vehicles and emphasizes the underlying concepts of noise generation, propagation, prediction, and control. Authors are from government, industry, and academia in the United States, England, and Canada. This volume includes all the chapters that relate directly to the source of flight vehicle noise: Propeller and Propfan Noise; Rotor Noise; Turbomachinery Noise; Jet Noise Classical Theory and Experiments; Noise From Turbulent Shear Flows; Jet Noise Generated by Large-Scale Coherent Motion; Airframe Noise; Propulsive Lift Noise; Combustion and Core Noise; and SOnic Boom.
Aeroacoustics of Flight Vehicles: Theory and Practice - Volume 2: Noise Control
Harvey H. Hubbard
August 1991
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This document is oriented toward flight vehicles and emphasizes the underlying concepts of noise generation, propagation, prediction, and control. Authors are from government, industry, and academia in the United States, England, and Canada. This volume includes those chapters that relate to flight vehicle noise control and operations: Human Response to Aircraft Noise; Atmospheric Propagation; Theoretical Models for Duct Acoustic Propagation and Radiation; Design and Performance of Duct Acoustic Treatment; Jet Noise SUppression; Interior Noise; Flyover-Noise Measurement and Prediction; and Quiet Aircraft Design and Operational Characteristics.
Air Installations Compatible Use Zones (AICUZ) Program
ONAC
April 1977
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This document is intended to assist Federal agencies in understanding the Department of Defense's program to abate noise at military airfields. It covers some of the important features of the Air Installations Compatible Use Zones (AICUZ) Program, its problems and relationships to other agency noise programs.
Air Quality and Noise Issues in Environmental Planning
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Aircraft Flight Procedures Program: Data Base Development
L.A. Ronk; T.A. Gates; W.S. Wilkinson
March 1981
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The purpose fo this study was to identify and collect performance and operational data and information required to construct flight paths and performance schedules for selected commercial aircarrier aircraft types powered by low-by-pass ratio and high-by-pass ratio turbofan engines. The performance and operational data and information can be used to determine the flight paths and performance schedules for aircraft operating in accordance with specified flight procedures, and over a range of airport temperatures and airport pressure altitudes. In addition, this study effort also included an evaluation of available flight procedures computer programs developed by various organizations such as aircraft manufacturers, consultants, and the Federal government (NASA, FAA, etc.) The purpose of evaluating these programs was to identify existing analytical and computer programming work which can be used in developing a modified computer program model to generate aircraft flight path and performance schedule data which was compatible with the input data requirements of the FAA's INM and USAF's NOISEMAP.
Aircraft Flight Procedures Program: Modified Computer Program Model - User's Manual
Larry A. Ronk
December 1981
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This manual describes an aircraft flight procedure model used to construct aircraft flight paths and performance schedules for specified operational procedures. The computer model algorithms were derived from fundamental aircraft and engine performance relationships or from operational characteristics applicable to specific aircraft types. The flight path and performance schedule data generated by the model are compatible with the input data requirements of the FAA's INM and the USAF;s NOISEMAP. The flight procedures model was developed and installed on the EPA's IBM 370/168MP computer system. The program was written in FORTRAN IV language and executed interactively under TSO.
Aircraft Noise - Tafeoff Flight Procedures and Future Goals
Kenneth M. Eldred
November 1980
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The study was designed to develop and analyze an aircraft takeoff noise data base consisting of areas and populations, computed as a function of noise level, aircraft type, weight and takeoff flight procedure. Six aircraft, each at typical and maximum weight, were chosen to represent the range of civil transport aircraft and engine types. Six types of takeoff flight procedures were selected, three involving cleanup of flaps and leading edge and leading edge devices before thrust cutback, and three involving thrust cutback before or during cleanup. Each of these procedures was initiated at 3 altitudes: 122, 305, and 610 meters, so that for each combination of aircraft and weight a total of 18 takeoff procedures were considered, for a total of 216 cases. The data base developed in this report enable an approximate direct translation of results between various operational procedures and the certification test procedures. This translation methodology is developed through examples of the selection of trial goals and the development of their implications in terms of certification noise limits. The relative effectiveness of the various procedures was found to be highly dependent on two performance characteristics, takeoff climbout and noise reduction resulting from thrust cutback. For aircraft with high and intermediate climbout performance and with a high value of noise reduction with throust cutback, the procedures having least potential noise impact involved maximum cutback, and, if cleanup were initiated prior to cutback, showed that it should be initiated at the lowest safe altitude.
Aircraft Noise and the Market for Residential Housing: Empirical Results for Seven Selected Airports
Jon P. Nelson
September 1978
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The annoyance due to aircraft noise is capitalized into the value of residential property. Measurement of relationships between aircraft noise levels and property values provides a means by which to calculate the benefits of noise abatement. This study seeks to obtain a measure of the effect on property values of a decibel change in Noise Exposure Forecast (NEF) levels, other factors remaining constant. The resulting damage cost is interpreted as the amount individuals would be willing to pay for noise abatement, given that the change in noise levels is small. Census block and census tract data are employed for small geographic areas (about two miles radius) near seven selected major U.S. airports. In each of seven cases, the results indicate that aircraft noise has a negative and statistically significant effect on residential property values. Translating the coefficients into percentages yields a noise depreciation index in the range -0.29 to -0.84 percent per decibel change in NEF level, with a simple average value of -0.55 percent. However, the coefficient estimates for six airports are stable around a weighted-mean value of -0.50 percent. This result is consistent with the average of values obtained in earlier statistical studies of the same relationship.
Aircraft Noise Effects on Cultural Resources: Annotated Bibliography
Carl E. Hanson; Nancy Peterson
May 1993
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This report is the third of three products prepared under Work Order No. 4, Contract No. CX-2000-0-0025, dated July 16, 1990. The scope of work required a review, critique and analysis of the scientific literature to assess the nature and probable magnitude of the potential effects of aircraft overflights on historical and cultural resources in the National Park System. Excluded under this work order are such items as historical or cultural context or setting.
Aircraft Noise Effects on Cultural Resources: Recommendation and Rationale for Further Research
Carl E. Hanson; Kenneth W. King; Mary Ellen Eagan; Richard D. Horonjeff
May 1993
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This report is the second prepared by Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc. (HMMH) under Work Order #4. Its purpose is to identify the need for further research in specific areas necessary to assess the effects of aircraft overflights on historical and cultural resources and to develop mitigation measures for the most important adverse effects. The first report is a literature survey on aircraft noise-induced vibrations of structures. The most significant finding from the first report is the potential damage risk from helicopter noise, especially from helicopters hovering at the same level as a prehistoric cliff dwelling. In order to determine probability of damage to sensitive structures, a measurement program is proposed for selected buildings at Mesa Verde. Results of the measurements should be useful to define a set of procedures for helicopters to avoid damage to prehistoric structures.
Aircraft Noise Effects on Cultural Resources: Review of Technical Literature
Carl E. Hanson; Kenneth W. King; Mary Ellen Eagan; Richard D. Horonjeff
September 1991
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This report presents a review of the existing scientific literature concerning aircraft noise-induced damage to structures, with a focus on historical structures and cultural resources. Both short term and long term effects have been observed and recorded in attempts to quantify the relationship between cause and effect and to establish criteria. Prediction models developed from these studies enable the estimation of probabilities of damage from aircraft operations and the specification of mitigation measures. In this report, every effort is made to preserve the results and opinions of the referenced authors. Summaries of the best available methods for the evaluation of damage to historical and cultural resources are provided. an annotated bibliography of referenced sources follows in a separate document.
Aircraft Noise Supplement to Draft Environmental Impact Statement
August 1988
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The Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed Mid Atlantic Electronic Warfare Range was distributed during the first week of June. The DEIS indicated that an update to the 1974 noise analysis for the BT-11/Piney Island range was being prepared as part of a MCAS Cherry Point AICUZ update. The following information incorporates that published in the DEIS and that provided in the "Aircraft Noise Survey for Mid Atlantic Electronic Warfare Range/BT-11 North Carolina" prepared by the firm of Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc.
Aircraft Overflight Study - Effect of Aircraft Altitude Upon Sound Levels at the Ground
Grant S. Anderson; Richard D. Horonjeff
March 1992
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Section 1(a) of Public Law 100-91 requires the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Director of the National Park Service, to "conduct a study to determine the proper minimum altitude which should be maintained by aircraft when flying over units of the National Park System." As part of that study, the technical acoustical literature was reviewed to determine the effects of altitude on aircraft sound levels on the ground. This report summarizes that literature review. And based upon that literature review, this report discusses the potential acoustical effectiveness of using altitude as a mitigation measure for any adverse effects of aircraft sound within the National park System...
Airfields Environment Federation - Surrey's Development Control Guidance for GA Neighbourhoods
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Airfields Environment Trust - Airfields and the Environment: Can Local Authorities Hold the Balance?
June 1989
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One-day conference on the role of local authorities in the development of airfields and the control of the adverse impact of business and general aviation on the environment.
Airport Access: Staff Working Paper
May 1981
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This paper was prepared by the staff of the Civil Aeronautics Board. It is a preliminary rather than a final statement discussing the issues and potential problems concerning airport access. It is intended to initiate a dialogue among members and representatives of the airline industry and concerned local, state and federal officials. The preliminary views expressed are those of the staff and have not been approved by the Board.
Airport Access Study - Impact of Airport-Oriented Vehicle Trips on Highway Facilities
July 1972
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This study was initiated by the Federal Highway Administration's Urban Planning Division for the primary purpose of developing a method to assess the impact of airport-oriented vehicular trips on highway facilities. This was accomplished using existing urban transportation study data files and computer programs available from the Federal Highway Administration.
Airport Community Soundproofing and Relocation Study
Richard Chais; John Kirkland
July 1982
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For many airports, a residual population imported by aircraft noise will remain after benefits from all other noise control means have been realized. This report considers residential soundproofing and relocation programs as a means of achieving airport noise/land use compatibility. A detailed discussion of issues involved in such a program is given. To quantify the cost of such a program a methodology is developed and used to integrate parameters affecting noise exposure. A forecast is presented of changes in air carrier airport noise exposure that will occur during the balance of this century. The study also examines the noise exposure benefit of noise abatement flight operations, flight procedure, and restrictions on population encroachment. Soundproofing and relocation costs are developed for four airports.
Airport Land Banking
August 1977
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…The primary purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility, practibility, and cost of airport land banking to assess whether the federal Government could or should take additional action to foster the concept. The study provides the framework for this assessment but does not propose any definite course of Federal action....
Airport Noise Abatement Planning
June 1977
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A key strategy in the campaign against aviation noise is airport noise abatement planning. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, under the Congressional mandate of the 1972 Noise Control Act, has developed as airport noise abatement planning process which is a step by step appraoch to a quieter environment. This pamphlet - for citizens and community leaders - provides an introduction to this planning process.
Airport Noise: Land-Use Compatibility by the Year 2000
Robert J. Koenig; John Tyler
August 1982
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This report reviews the progress which has been made in airport noise control and presents a forecast of changes in aviation noise exposure that will occur during the balance of this century. Results are given of an analysis which examines the benefits of noise abatement flight operations, flight procedures and of restrictions on population encroachment, on residential noise exposure. Cost of residential soundproofing and relocation, based upon in-depth studies, are presented for four air carrier airports which represent four airport categories. While the main focus of the report is on noise exposure above Ldn 65 at air carrier airports, noise exposure around general aviation and joint-use civil/military airports is also discussed.
Airport Noise Litigation - Case Law Review (1973-1980)
Ricarda L. Bennett
April 1981
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This report examines the judicial trends in airport noise litigation by analyzing the decisions from many of the relevant legal cases since the 1972 U.S. Supreme Court decision in City of Burbank v. Lockheed Air Terminal Inc. The conflict centers upon who controls the source of the aircraft noise and who is liable for aircraft noise-related damages. Th significant issues arising out of these various airport/aircraft noise cases examine this conflict from four viewpoints: 1) who is liable for aircraft noiserela damages? 2) what is the scope of airport use restrictions? 3) what are the legal theories and trends in awarding aircraft noise-related damages? 4) what is the effect of land use planning and environmental impact statements on airport noise control? This extensive case law review indicates that the courts are continuing to hold the airport proprieter liable for aircraft noise-related damages. The judiciary is also expanding the legal theories and granting recovery for noise-related effects on people under the nuisance theory of emotional distress as well as under the traditional inverse condemnation theory for deprivation of property.
Airport Noise Reduction Forecast Volume I - Summary Report for 23 Airports
roll Bartel; Louis C. Sutherland; Leroy Simpson; R. Dixon
October 1974
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A detailed analysis of cost effectiveness of two aircraft noise reduction alternatives was carried out and the final results are summarized in this report. The alternatives consisted of: (1) modification of all civil air carrier aircraft having JT3D and JT8D engines, using quiet nacelles (SAM) treatment, and (2) modification of all JT3D-powered civil aircraft using SAM treatment plus all JT8D-powered civil aircraft using new front fan (REFAN) treatment. Both alternatives also assumed standard use of a two-segment approach procedure incorporating a 6 degree/3 degree glide slope for landing. The analysis included a detailed evaluation of noise impact at 23 airports for the years 1972, 1978, 1981, and 1987 along with a detailed cost analysis of implementing the alternatives. Based on a time-integrated measure of relative reduction in number of people or land area impacted within NEF 30 or NEF 40 contours, the cost effectiveness of the SAM 8D/3D alternative is more than twice that of the SAM 3D/REFAN 8D alternative.
Airport Noise Reduction Forecast Volume II - NEF Computer Program Description and User's Manual
Carroll Bartel; Charles Coughlin; John Moran; Larry Watkins
October 1974
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A fundamental requirement of this contract was that the noise impact of air traffic around major airports on the surrounding community be described and that predictions of various noise abatement alternatives be made. For this the DOT/Wyle Noise Exposure Forecast Computer Program was developed. Volume II of this report is a description of the program. Included in this volume are brief descriptions of the calculations performed, the subroutines that perform them, and a User's Guide. Also included is a complete listing of the program, in Fortran V. Inputs to the program are a description of the airport geometry including flight paths, aircraft noise and performance characteristics, and the aircraft fleet mix. Outputs are contours of equal value of Noise Exposure Forecasts around the airport. Volume I of this report (Report DOT-TST-75-3) contains information pertaining to the input data, all the computer runs that were made, and the conclusions drawn from those data.
Airport Planning Manual - Part 2 - Land Use and Environmental Control
January 1985
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The purpose fo this part of the manual is to provide guidance material on land use or planning in the vicinity of airports and on environmental aspects, as no Standards or Recommended Practices on this subject exist in any Annex. It is based in part on conclusions of the Special Meeting on Aircraft Noise in the Vicinity of Aerodromes held in 1969, and on the current practices of several States and incorporates guidance material on airport environmental aspects as recommended by the Eighth Air Navigation Conference held in 1974.
Airport-Land Use Compatibility Planning
January 1977
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The Federal Aviation Administration has issued a new advisory circular providing guidance for airport-land use compatibility planning at new and existing airports. The comprehensive planning approach discussed in the guidance stresses balance between the needs and tolerances of both the airport and its environs. A system of Land Use Guidance Zones is used to translate airport noise into categories of compatible land use. Reduction and/or containment of airport noise is an essential part of the program. Community goals, values, and needs are injected via a citizen involvement program to assure that the final plan and its implementation program accurately reflect the individual characters of affected communities. The circular furthers the objective of reducing noise impact as articulated in the Department of Transportation Aviation Noise Abatement Policy.
Akron Community Service Center & Urban League, Inc. Response to ONAC Docket 81-02 (Medium and Heavy Trucks) ANR-490
April 1981
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All Documents Referenced by the Appendix
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ALPA Noise Abatement Handbook
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The purpose of this handbook is to aquaint the user, be he airline pilot, airport manager, or private, concerned citizen, with the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) policies and positions on aircraft noise abatement. These ALPA policies, statements and positions have been developed with long and careful consideration in various factors. These factors include the broad mix of aircraft, engines and pilot qualifications, diverse route structures and segments, differing airport layouts, capabilities and capacities, the constraints of air traffic control and airspace restrictions, varying terrain factors, and finally, the concern for the need for effective, standardized and safe procedures.
American National Standard - Methods for the Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels
July 1971
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American Trucking Associations, Inc. Correction of their Response to ONAC Docket 81-02 (Medium and Heavy Trucks) ANR-490
April 1981
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Analog Tape Microsampling of Environmental Noise
Hal Watson Jr.; Riaz M. Sheikh
January 1978
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Analysis and Abatement of Highway Construction Noise
William R. Fuller; Ron Brown
June 1981
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This study investigated the noise associated with highway construction activities. It involved the identification and examination of: highway construction activities, noise characteristics associated with highway construction activities, availability of highway construction noise abatement measures, demonstration of construction site noise abatement measures, and development of a computer-based model for use as a tool to predict the noise impact of construction activities and to plan mitigation measures. The model was developed for use on the FHWA computer (IBM 360). A total of seven reports were prepared in this study and have been released fro public distribution. This report (Part A) contains all of the information from the engineering study phase of the project. It gives information on highway construction procedures, highway construction site noise characteristics, available abatement measures, and results from field demonstrations or noise abatement.
Analysis and Control of Mechanical Noise in internal Combustion Engines
Natan E. Parsons; Richard G. Dejong; Jerome E. Manning
July 1982
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This report reviews the state-of-the-art for internal combustion engine noise reduction and presents new techniques for reducing engine block vibration and radiated noise. A vibration analysis technique based on measured mobilities was developed as a diagnostic tool foidnfying noise sources and vibration transmission paths. This technique makes it possible to identify and rank order the sources of noise within the engine. New design techniques using resilient bearings and modified cylinder liners are also described.
Analysis of Alternative Noise Metrics for Airport Noise Assessment
Vijay R. Desai; John E. Wesler; Kevin A. Bradley
February 1991
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The purpose of this report is to provide a quantitative analysis to determine if a single-event noise metric will provide additional insight and sensitivity in the assessment of airport community noise impacts, in comparison with the accepted DNL, and whether such a metric would lead to a different decision regarding the adoption of alternative noise abatement actions. By comparing noise impacts around representative airports, determined through the use of a single-event noise metric based on Sound Exposure Level (SEL), with those determined through the use of DNL, and in turn comparing both with an intuitive judgment of those noise impacts, it was intended to determine if the SEL-based metric provided advantages over DNL, primarily on those communities with DNLs less than 65 dB.
Analysis of EPA Technical Assistance to State and Local Governments - Volume VI: Summary
October 1980
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This report is the concluding report in a series of companion studies examining technical assistance efforts in five EPA program areas - air, waste-water treatment, drinking water, solid waste, and noise. The project was originally mandated by the Office of Management and Budget, which requested a general examination to improve the Agency's understanding of this important but amorphous subject. The study is under the direction of the Program Evaluation Division of the Office of Planning and Management.
Analysis of EPA's Responsibility and Implementation of the Noise Control Act of 1972 (NCA of 1972) and the Quiet Communities Act of 1978 (QCA of 1978)
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Analysis of Helicopter Noise Data Using International Helicopter Noise Certification Standards
J. Steven Newman; Edward J. Rickley; Dennis A. Levanduski; Susan B. Woolridge
March 1986
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This report documents the results of a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) noise measurement flight test program involving seven helicopters and establishes noise levels using the basic testing, reduction and analysis procedures specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for helicopter noise certification supplemented with some procedural refinements contained in ICAO Working Group II recommendations for incorporation into the standard. The helicopters analyzed in this report include the Hughes 500 D/E, the Aerospatiale AS 350D (AStar), the Aerospatiale AS 355F (TwinStar), the Aerospatiale SA 365 (Dauphin), the Bell 222 Twin Jet, the Boeing Vertol 234/CH 47-D, and the Sikorsky S-76. The document discusses the volution of international helicopter noise certification procedures and describes in detail the data acquisition, reduction and adjustment procedures. Noise levels are plotted versus the logarithm of maximum gross takeoff weight and are shown relative to the ICAO noise level limits. Data from the ICAO Committee on Aircraft Noise (CAN) Seventh meeting "request for data" are also presented. Reference testing and operational data are provided for each helicopter.
Analysis of Noise-Related Auditory and Associated Health Problems in the U.S. Population (1971-1975)
Judith D. Singer; T.J. Tomberlin; J.M. Smith; A.J. Schrier
March 1982
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The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) was designed to characterize the overall health and nutritional status of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population aged 1-74 years and to permit examination of the prevalence of specific health conditions on a subsample of adults aged 25-74 years. Analyses presented in this report are based on the national probability subsample of 6913 adults aged 25-74 years who were administered an audiometric test as well as detailed questionnaires and physics: examinations dealing with hypertension and a variety of other health conditions. Detailed occupational descriptions were used in the present study to estimate approximate eight-hour noise levels for the sample of 3942 adults aged 25-74 years in the workforce. Among the major findings: 1. Hearing impairment is a widespread health problem in the United States; 2. Occupational noise exposure was identified as a major risk factor associated with the prevalence of hearing impairment among men; 3. Occupational noise exposure was not significantly related to hearing sensitivity among working women; 4. Occupational noise exposure was found to have a weak, but nevertheless significant association with hypertension for both men and women; 5. Among men, occupational noise exposure was associated with overall physical health, whereas among women, it was associated with only overall psychological health; and 6. No conclusive relationships were found between occupational noise exposure and the remaining indicators of specific health conditions.
Analysis of Noise-Related Auditory and Associated Health Problems in the U.S. Population (1971-1975) - Volume 2
Judith D. Singer; T.J. Tomberlin; J.M. Smith; A.J. Schrier
March 1982
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The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) was designed to characterize the overall health and nutritional status of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population aged 1-74 years and to permit examination of the prevalence of specific health conditions on a subsample of adults aged 25-74 years. Analyses presented in this report are based on the national probability subsample of 6913 adults aged 25-74 years who were administered an audiometric test as well as detailed questionnaires and physics: examinations dealing with hypertension and a variety of other health conditions. Detailed occupational descriptions were used in the present study to estimate approximate eight-hour noise levels for the sample of 3942 adults aged 25-74 years in the workforce. Among the major findings: 1. Hearing impairment is a widespread health problem in the United States; 2. Occupational noise exposure was identified as a major risk factor associated with the prevalence of hearing impairment among men; 3. Occupational noise exposure was not significantly related to hearing sensitivity among working women; 4. Occupational noise exposure was found to have a weak, but nevertheless significant association with hypertension for both men and women; 5. Among men, occupational noise exposure was associated with overall physical health, whereas among women, it was associated with only overall psychological health; and 6. No conclusive relationships were found between occupational noise exposure and the remaining indicators of specific health conditions.
Analysis of the Health and Welfare and Economic Impacts of Revision of the Interstate Motor Carrier Noise Standard Coincident with a 2-Year Delay in the 80dB Medium and Heavy Truck Noise Standard
March 1985
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Under the authority of the Noise Control Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-574) (amended by the Quiet Communities Act of 1978) the Environmental Protection Agency promulgated two key noise regulations for trucks: The Noise Emission Standards for Motor Carriers Engaged in Interstate Commerce (40 CFR Part 202) effective October 15, 1975; and the Noise Emission Standards for Medium and Heavy Trucks (40 CFR Part 205, Subparts A and B) effective January 1, 1978. For brevity, these regulations are referred to in this document as respectively, the IMC (for Interstate Motor Carrier) and the MHT (for Medium and Heavy Trucks) regulations. The IMC regulation set two noise standards for trucks used in interstate commerce: a low-speed limit of 86 decibels and a high-speed limit of 90 decibels. The MHT regulation set a not-to-exceed noise standard of 83 decibels (measured in a low-speed acceleration test) effective January 1, 1978, and a reduced limit of 80 decibels, effective January 1, 1982. As a result of various economic developments and associated industry comments submitted in response to President Carter's initiatives to minimize the burden of regulations, in 1980, the EPA Administrator made a decision to defer the effective date of the MHT 80 dB standard to January 1, 1983. Subsequent contentions by the industry that economic efficiences would be achieved by making the 80 dB MHT standard coincident in time with updated exhaust emission standards for trucks led to further deferral of the 80 dB standard to June 1, 1986. Recently it hes abeen apparent that the revised exhaust emission standards originally scheduled for 1986 would not be promulgated in time for 1986 effectively. Instead, current projections are for a January 1, 1988 effective date for the updated exhaust emission standards. Accordingly, the industry has petitioned for further deferral of the 80 dB MHT standard to retain coincidence with the exhaust emission standards. Recognizing the logical consistency of this petition, the Agency is proposing to defer the 80 dB standards further, to January 1, 1988. In reviewing the Health and Welfare impact of this further deferral of the MHT standard, the Agency finds that there is a modest, but significant loss of benefits. At the same time, the Agency has experienced a renewed awareness of its obligation under the Noise Control Act to update the IMC noise standard to reflect "best available (noise control) technology." Available data on the noise levels of in-use trucks suggests that lowering the IMC noise limits to achieve consistency with the MHT 83 dB standard would provide some improvement in the noisiest portion of the truck fleet. Such improvement in turn is expected to provide health and welfare benefit gains that would compensate at least in part for the benefit losses expected from the MHT deferral. This analysis examines both the economic and the health and welfare impacts of the proposed regulatory actions. It presents the economic effects of these changes in reducing industry costs and the changes in health and welfare benefits resulting from the revised regulations.
Analytical Studies for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Volume VIII Noise Abatement: Policy Alternatives for Transportation
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The report is organized around two major topics: the range of alternative policy measures for transportation noise abatement and the benefits and costs of abatement. These two topics comprise Parts I and III of the report; Part II covers the measurement of noise, the current pattern of transportation noise and its effects, and the projected future pattern of transportation and the noise associated with it. The committee's recommendations are presented in the latter part of this summary chapter.
Anchorage International Airport - 1987 Noise Exposure Forecast (NEF) 30/40
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Annoyance, Loudness, and Measurement of Repetitive Type Impulsive Noise Sources
L.C. Sutherland; R.E. Burke
November 1979
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This study was undertaken to evaluate subjective and objective aspects of moderate levels of noise from impulsive sources. The study excluded evaluation of hearing damage risk or annoyance from building vibration by high level impulsive noise, which were covered by recent recommendations of the National Research Council, Committee on Hearing Bioacoustics and Bomechanics, Working Group 69. While the study included original investigations into some of the objective aspects of impulsive noise, a detailed review of the literature on the subjective aspects was emphasized. Based on this available literature, the annoyance and loudness from a wide variety of repetitive impulse noises were evaluated. These results were applied to the evaluation of impulsive noise from a number of specific noise sources. Based on the most pertinent literature, it is tentatively concluded that a subjective impulse correction factor of +7 dB applied to the A-weighted equivalent sound levels of these types of repetitive impulsive noise sources would better define their effective level in terms of annoyance reactions. No additional correction is identified at this time for crest level or repetition rate. Research on subjective correction factors for helicopter blade slap is also reviewed and potential reasons for the smaller subjective correction factors (i.e. 0 to 6 dB) for annoyance response to this type of sound are discussed. It is recommended that refinements to this subjective correction factor be based on the use of standard loudness calculation methods (Stevens Mark VII or Zwicker) modified to include provision for a shorter time constant to reflect subjective response to short duration impulsive sounds. The study also included a brief experimental evaluation of the measurement of a wide variety of simulated repetitive impulsive-type signals varying in duty cycle, repetition rate, pulse frequency, and ratio of peak impulse signal level to continuous background noise level. When repetitive impulses are measured using maximum values of A-weighted (slow) readings on an Impulse Sound Level Meter, no objective correction is necessary in order to measure, with an accuracy of +/- 1.5 dB, the equivalent level (Leq) of the wide variety of impulsive signals investigated.
Annoyance, Loudness, and Measurements of Repetitive Type Impulsive Noise Sources
L.C. Sutherland; R.E. Burke
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Annoyance of the Residents on High Traffic Streets to Noise and Air Pollution
H.V. Wanner; Brigit Wehrli; J. Nemecek; Verena Turrian
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Appendix A, Highway Construction Noise Field Measurements, Site 4: I-75 (Florida)
William R. Fuller; Ron Brown
June 1981
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This study investigated the noise associated with highway construction activities. It involved the identification and examination of: highway construction activities, noise characteristics associated with highway construction activities, availability of highway construction noise abatement measures, demonstration of construction site noise abatement measures, and development of a computer-based model for use as a tool to predict the noise impact of construction activities and to plan mitigation measures. The model was developed for use on the FHWA computer (IBM 360). A total of seven reports were prepared in this study and have been released fro public distribution. Reports (Part D through Part G) contain field data gathered at the field demonstrations at highway construction sites in: Route I-201, California; I-205, Oregon; I-95/I-395, Maryland; and I-75, Florida. They contain noise data on single and multiple pieces of equipment, provide general description of highway site activities, and activity analyses of equipment.
Appendix A (To The Wyle Reports) - Strip Map Brochure Describing Test Route
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Appendix B - Related News Clippings
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Appendix B, Highway Construction Noise Field Measurements, Site 2: I-205 (Oregon)
William R. Fuller; Ron Brown
June 1981
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This study investigated the noise associated with highway construction activities. It involved the identification and examination of: highway construction activities, noise characteristics associated with highway construction activities, availability of highway construction noise abatement measures, demonstration of construction site noise abatement measures, and development of a computer-based model for use as a tool to predict the noise impact of construction activities and to plan mitigation measures. The model was developed for use on the FHWA computer (IBM 360). A total of seven reports were prepared in this study and have been released fro public distribution. Reports (Part D through Part G) contain field data gathered at the field demonstrations at highway construction sites in: Route I-201, California; I-205, Oregon; I-95/I-395, Maryland; and I-75, Florida. They contain noise data on single and multiple pieces of equipment, provide general description of highway site activities, and activity analyses of equipment.
Appendix C - Market Share Analysis by Truck Manufacturer and Weight Class
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Appendix C, Highway Construction Noise Field Measurements, Site 3: I-95/I-395 (Maryland)
William R. Fuller; Ron Brown
June 1981
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This study investigated the noise associated with highway construction activities. It involved the identification and examination of: highway construction activities, noise characteristics associated with highway construction activities, availability of highway construction noise abatement measures, demonstration of construction site noise abatement measures, and development of a computer-based model for use as a tool to predict the noise impact of construction activities and to plan mitigation measures. The model was developed for use on the FHWA computer (IBM 360). A total of seven reports were prepared in this study and have been released fro public distribution. Reports (Part D through Part G) contain field data gathered at the field demonstrations at highway construction sites in: Route I-201, California; I-205, Oregon; I-95/I-395, Maryland; and I-75, Florida. They contain noise data on single and multiple pieces of equipment, provide general description of highway site activities, and activity analyses of equipment.
Appendix D - State and Local Noise Control Officials
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Appendix D, Highway Construction Noise Field Measurements, Site 4: I-75 (Florida)
William R. Fuller; Ron Brown
June 1981
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This study investigated the noise associated with highway construction activities. It involved the identification and examination of: highway construction activities, noise characteristics associated with highway construction activities, availability of highway construction noise abatement measures, demonstration of construction site noise abatement measures, and development of a computer-based model for use as a tool to predict the noise impact of construction activities and to plan mitigation measures. The model was developed for use on the FHWA computer (IBM 360). A total of seven reports were prepared in this study and have been released fro public distribution. Reports (Part D through Part G) contain field data gathered at the field demonstrations at highway construction sites in: Route I-201, California; I-205, Oregon; I-95/I-395, Maryland; and I-75, Florida. They contain noise data on single and multiple pieces of equipment, provide general description of highway site activities, and activity analyses of equipment.
Assessment of Ground Surface Corrections for Motor Vehicle Noise Measurements
Donald B. Pies
February 1977
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In 1974, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a regulation limiting the noise levels produced by trucks operated by motor carriers engaged in interstate commerce. A measurement methodology was included in the background considerations for this regulation that allowed measurements pf truck noise levels to be made over hard (i.e., concrete, asphalt, packed dirt or gravel) or soft (i.e., grass or similar absorbent material) surfaces, with an adjustment factor of 2 dB to be added to the latter to account for the effect of ground attenuation. The Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) has the task of enforcing this regulation, and has published an enforcement procedure that includes the 2 dB adjustment factor. The provision of the adjustment factor is predicated on simple geometry of ground coverage and does not necessarily apply under other more complex conditions. Also, it appears that a systematic study has not been made of all available data in order to justify the numerical value of the correction factor. The purpose of this program is to study existing data and present recommendations as to the validity of the 2 dB adjustment factor.
An Assessment of Noise Concern in Other Nations - Volume I
December 1971
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This contractor report is intended to supplement the Report to Congress by the Office of Noise Abatement and Control. It presents an overview of noise abatement and control problems and activities of foreign nations. It is presented on the premises that the issue of noise and its effects on man has attracted worldwide attention; that many nations and their local governments have taken concrete steps and are supporting extensive research toward noise abatement; and finally, that such information is useful for U.S. federal, state and local governments in their formulation of policy and action plans.
An Assessment of Noise Concern in Other Nations - Volume II
December 1971
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This contractor report is intended to supplement the Report to Congress by the Office of Noise Abatement and Control. It presents an overview of noise abatement and control problems and activities of foreign nations. It is presented on the premises that the issue of noise and its effects on man has attracted worldwide attention; that many nations and their local governments have taken concrete steps and are supporting extensive research toward noise abatement; and finally, that such information is useful for U.S. federal, state and local governments in their formulation of policy and action plans.
An Assessment of the Federal Noise Research, Development, and Demonstration Activities FY73 - FY 75
Eugene E. Berkaup; Stephen R. Cordle; Franklin D. Hart; George R. Simon
June 1975
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The Federal noise research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) activities during fiscal years 1973 through 1975 are examined to determine the contribution of these efforts to the control of environmental noise and to the understanding of the effects of noise. An analysis is made of the research activities in the areas of noise effects, aircraft noise, surface vehicle noise, and machinery noise. The principal sources of information used are the EPA interagency noise research panel's reports on the Federal noise RD&D activities during the FY 73-75 time period and the major noise source candidates which have been identified or are under consideration by the EPA.
Assessment or the Applicability of Existing Health & Welfare Criteria to General Aviation Aircraft Noise and to General Aviation Airport Communities
Larry A. Ronk
March 1980
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Existing metrics of environmental noise and its impact on people are reviewed for their suitability in assessing the impact of general aviation (GA) noise on people in airport communities. GA aircraft consist of noncommercial aircraft in propellor-driven, jet, and helicopter categories. In a recent year over 124 million GA operations were performed at approximately 6,000 public-use airports. Available criteria (dose response relationships) are discussed in detail for various health effects of noise, focusing on individual and community annoyance responses, but also including noise-induced hearing loss, communication interference, sleep disturbance, and nonauditory physiological effects. It is concluded that there are only marginal differences in the way several noise metrics predict individual response; therefore, the simplest measurement (A-weighting without a duration correction) is recommended. For community response, no existing annoyance criteria may be entirely applicable to GA airport communities, based on results of several studies. For the time being the criteria developed by Schultz should be used. Information in appendices include a bibliography of health effects of aircraft noise; statistics on the mix of GA aircraft types, distribution of daily GA operations by airport types, and populations density around GA airports; and GA flight procedures.
Audibility and Annoyance of En Route Noise of Unducted Fan Engines
Sanford A. Fidell; Linda A. Hutchings; Marie Helweg-Larsen; Laura A. Silvati
April 1990
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Aircraft flyovers heard in high ambient noise urban environments are composed in large part of high absolute level, broadband noise. In contrast, noise exposure created en route by aircraft powered by unducted fan engines is expected to be relatively low in level, but to contain prominent low frequency tonal energy. These tones may be readily audible in low ambient noise rural environments. The annoyance of noise intrusions of low absolute level has been shown to be closely related to their audibility. Thus, one way to predict the annoyance of high altitude overflights by aircraft equipped with unducted fan engines is to estimate their audibility relative to that of conventionally powered aircraft in various ambient noise conditions. These predictions may be converted into estimates of the probability of high annoyance by means of a dosage-response relationship derived from laboratory data about the annoyance of individual noise intrusions. The latter estimates may in turn be applied to populations exposed to unducted fan engine noise over a range of assumed exposure levels. Application of these procedures to several assumed exposure cases suggests that millions of people in rural areas of the United States would be likely to be highly annoyed by the noise of aircraft powered by unducted fan engines.
Availability of Workplace Noise Control of Technology for Sewlected Machines
R. Bruce; K. Eldred; C. Jokel; R. Potter; D. Melone
September 1982
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This report reviews the noise control technology available to equipment manufacturers and users of the following machines: automatic screw machines, semi-automatic stamping presses, planes, wood saws, metal saws, crawler tractors, molding machines, spinning frames, and twisters. The study also looks at the reasons for the unavailability of certain control technology. The availability of new quiet machines on the market place is also reviewed.
Average Noise Levels for Highway Vehicles
Kenneth J. Plotkin
September 1979
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Noise emission data are presented for 14 vehicle categories representing the nation's highway vehicle fleet. The data are presented in a format supporting idealized noise versus speed relations for acceleration, deceleration and cruise operating modes. The kinematics of these modes are presented. Noise data, collected from a variety of sources, represent the most recent available 50 foot (15 meter) passby levels. The purpose of this data collection is to provide vehicle input parameters for EPA's national highway noise exposure model. This model requires energy averaged quantities over each operating mode. The emission model was therefore integrated to give the required calculated model emission levels. In addition to the baseline (pre-regulatory) levels, calculated model levels are presented for a variety of new vehicle regulatory standards.
Aviation Forecasts - Fiscal Years 1976-1987
September 1975
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This report contains the latest Federal Aviation Administration forecast of measures of workload and activity at towered airports, air route traffic control centers, and flight service stations for Fiscal Years 1976 to 1987. The forecasts were made for the four major users of the system; air carriers, air taxi, general aviation and the military. The report has been prepared to meet the budget and planning needs of the various offices and services of FAA for data concerning future trends in aviation activity. This report reflects the impact on aviation activity of a more rapid rate of price increase, especially for fuel, and a slower rate of real income growth than had been assumed in previous forecasts. Although this year's forecasts are lower than previous year's, aviation activity is forecast to increase by 41 percent at towered airports, 23 percent at air route traffic control centers and 54 percent in flight services performed by fiscal year 1980. Of the users of the system, general aviation and air taxi will have the greatest percentage growth during the forecast years although in absolute terms the air taxi impact is relatively small. The air carriers will have a lower growth rate while military activity is expected to remain at its current levels throughout the forecast period. In absolute terms, general aviation will continue to increase its portion of all aviation activities so that by 1980general aviation will account for 79 percent of total operations at towered airports, 27 percent of workload at air route traffic control centers and continue to increase its domination of flight services performed by the FAA.
Aviation Noise - Let's get on the job
April 1976
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The Aviation Noise Abatement Controversy: Magnificent Laws, Noisy Machines, and the Legal Liability Shuffle
John M. Weriich; Richard P. Krinsky
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Aviation Noise Effects
J. Steven Newman; Kristy R. Beattie
March 1985
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This report summarizes the effects of aviation noise in many areas, ranging from human annoyance to impact on real estate values. It also synthesizes the findings of literature on several topics. Included in the literature were many original studies carried out under FAA and other Federal funding over the past two decades. Efforts have been made to present the critical findings and conclusions of pertinent research, providing, when possible, a "bottom line" conclusion, criterion or perspective for the reader. Issues related to aviation noise are highlighted, and current policy is presented. Specific areas addresses in the report include the following: Annoyance, Hearing and Hearing Loss, Noise Metrics, Human Response to Noise, Speech Interference, Sleep Interference, Non-Auditory Health Effects of Noise, Effects of Noise on Wild and Domesticated Animals, Low Frequency Acoustical Energy, Impulsive Noise, Time of Day Weightings, Noise Contours, Land Use Compatibility, Real Estate Values. This document is designed for a variety of users, from the individual completely unfamiliar with aviation noise to experts in the field. Summaries are provided at the beginning of each section; references are also included.