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Most useful EPA documents
Eaton Corporation Letter to EPA
May 1981
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Eaton Corporation Response to ONAC Docket 81-02 (Medium and Heavy Trucks) ANR-490
April 1981
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Economic and Social Impact of Occupational Noise Exposure Regulations
Nicholas A. Ashford; Dale Hattis; Eric M. Zolt; Judith I. Katz; George R. Heaton
September 1976
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This report elaborates on the costs and benefits associated with alternative occupational noise exposure regulations. The limitations of cost/benefit analysis for social decision-making are enunciated. The impact of various regulatory alternatives for 85 dBA and 90 dBA criteria are analyzed.
The Economic Impact of Noise
December 1971
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A study has been undertaken to survey the economic impact of noise. Data available on the entire subject of noise and its abatement are so rudimentary that they do not lend themselves to even the most primitive economic analysis. It is demonstrated that the number of sources of noise in homes, in industry, on the highways, and in the air. It is growing at a dramatic rate. These noise sources are heterogeneous and transient, and, therefore, a universal solution for abatement of noise at the source is not available. From the economic viewpoint, it has been demonstrated that substantial costs are associated with noise and its abatement. Costs such as those associated with equipment redesign, right-of-way, and receiver insulation are discussed in detail. The most glaring data gaps highlight the need for research into the relationship between noise, its abatement, and its impact on: wages, prices, productivity, production costs, employment, balance of payment, real property values, and health. Research using the principles of economics must identify and analyze the most cost-effective alternative solutions to noise. A discussion of spending for noise research is included in the study.
Economic Impact of Proposed Airport Noise Regulations, R77-4 - Volume IV: Economic Analysis of O'Hare and Midway Airports
Marvin Frankel; Lise Zwisler
November 1981
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Economic Impact of Proposed Airport Noise Reulations, R77-4 - Volume II: Economic Analysis of Public Airports Outside Chicago
Marvin Frankel; Lise Zwisler
June 1981
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The Economics of Noise Pollution
Keith G. Lumsden
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The Economics of Noise Pollution
Keith G. Lumsden
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Effect of Acoustical Engine Enclosures on Truck Cooling System Performance
Robert A. Major; Michael A. Staiano; William H. Benson
January 1981
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The airflow through a truck engine compartment consists of a complex system of series and parallel flow paths. This system can be modeled in terms of a network of equivalent ductwork elements. The detailed description of engine compartment airflow provided by this model can be used as a means of predicting the effect of acoustical engine enclosures when the ductwork element parameters are altered. The initial implementation of this model will require the performance of a number of component and truck wind tunnel tests; this data should be obtained to permit the use of the model. In-service monitoring of either engine or gearbox temperature performance requires the recording 8 to 10 parameters plus clock time for an adequate description of vehicle behavior. This monitoring should be initiated at engine shutdown. A total daily test period of approximately 10 hours is expected. The sampling data rate of 1/min for each parameter is sufficient for monitoring purposes. This monitoring requirement can be met by a relatively inexpensive data logger plus suitable transducer signal conditioning.;
Effect of Cooling System Design on Truck Noise
Michael A. Staiano; Robert A. Major
January 1981
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Improving cooling system performance, thus, reducing the fan aerodynamic requirement is a key to quieter fans. Relative to an existing gasoline-engined medium truck cooling system, increased top tank temperature permits an airflow reduction estimated to allow an 11 dB reduction in fan noise. Use of a multi-pass radiator in this configuration adds a further 1.5 dB reduction, as estimated in a non-optimized case. Fan aerodynamic and acoustical performance is most significantly improved by reducing blade tip-to-shroud clearance. Fan designs which include integral (rotating) shrouds provide the best aerodynamic performance and least noise. Alternatively, low tip clearance fans using fixed engine-mounted shrouds or radiator-mounted fans (driven by a flexible coupling), will also provide superior performance. Aerodynamic test data provided by ,amufacturers tends to use tip clearances much smaller than obtainable in practice. Standard test procedures are also unavailable for acoustical testing of engine cooling fans. Consequently, current production fan noise performance is almost completely undocumented. Aerodynamic and acoustical fan test procedures for vehicle applications which reasonably represent installed fans should be developed and performance data on commercially available fans be catalogued to permit rational fan selection and encourage fan development.
The Effect of Noise Barriers on the Market Value of Adjacent Residential Properties
Fred L. Hall; J. Douglas Welland
August 1986
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This paper addresses the problem of how highway noise affects house prices, and how highway noise barriers alter that effect. The project began with a set of house price data available in the Property Office of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. These data were augmented with housing characteristics and sales data obtained from the Toronto Real Estate Board. All of the data were from three residential areas of Toronto situated behind highway noise barriers. In a multiple linear regression, in which a variety of other housing characteristics are controlled for, the coefficient on noise level (in 1981 dollars) varies from -312 $/dB at one site, to -356 $/dB at a second site, to -1971 $/dB at a third site, all of which coefficients are statistically significant at the .05 level. The pooled sample estimate is -788 $/dB. The first two values are generally consistent with results of earlier studies, although perhaps a bit lower. Non-linear regressions on noise level, and functions which ignored noise until it was in the mid-60's, were also investigated. These results supported neither a quadratic function, nor any clear threshold effect. Close inspection of the data at the site with a -2971 $/dB value suggests that these data may not be representative of the relevant population, in that expensive houses in high noise environments are not properly represented in the sample. As a result, the extremely large estimated noise penalty is probably a statistical anomaly. Since the pooled sample noise penalty of -778 $/dB reflects in part the data from that site; it too may be non-representative of the population noise penalty. It is clear from these data that house sales in areas protected by noise barriers reflect the same kind of valuation of noise as do houses in unprotected noisy areas.
The Effect of Tunnel Acoustic Treatment on the Noise Inside Subway Cars
H.H. Heller; E.K. Bender
November 1973
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This report investigates the possibilities and limitations of reducing the noise levels in the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) subway cars by acoustic treatment of the surfaces in subway tunnels. Acoustic measurements were conducted in NYCTA cars for various operating conditions. These were complemented by measurements outside the cars to obtain transmission loss data for various structural components of the cars. The report concludes with specific recommendations and provides estimates of their effect on car interior levels. The accompanying summarizes the changes in the car interior sound pressure level spectrum for various environmental conditions.
Effective Perceived Noise Level Versus Distance Curves for Civil Aircraft
Dwight E. Bishop; John F. Mills; Jane M. Beckman
July 1974
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This report provides effective perceived noise level (EPNL) data for civil aircraft in a form useful for noise exposure forecast (NEF) calculations. The EPNL noise data are presented in graphical and tabular form; the report also summarizes the data sources and technical analyses used in developing the noise data. The noise data will also be furnished to the EPA as a punched card deck, directly suitable for use in the USAF/EPA/NEF computer program. Noise data are included for all major current U.S. civil transport and business jet aircraft and for most general aviation aircraft. Data are also provided for possible retrofit of four-engine low bypass ratio (LBPR) turbofan aircraft, with acoustically lined nacelles. The correlation of noise level data with aircraft operations (in terms of aircraft speed and engine operating parameters) varies in detail, from specific curves for different engine parameters and speeds for major civil transport aircraft to generalized noise curves for rather broad categories of propeller aircraft. Section II presents the noise data. Section III describes the sources of noise data, describes analysis methods used to develop the curves and discusses some of the technical problems involved in developing the noise curves.
Effects of Aircraft Noise and Sonic Booms on Fish and Wildlife: A Research Needs Workshop
August 1988
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Effects of Noise on People
December 1971
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It has not been demonstrated that many people have had their lives shortened by noise. While undoubtedly there have been accidental injuries and deaths when auditory warning signals were misunderstood or not heard because of the effects of noise, the prevalence of these has not been evaluated. Perhaps the stress of continued exposure to high levels of noise can produce disease or make one more susceptible to disease, but the evidence is not convincing. There are only hints of relations between exposure to noise and the incidence of disease. In other words, the effects of noise on people have not been successfully measured in terms of "excess deaths" or "shortened lifespan" or "days of incapacitating illness." The only well-established effects of noise on health is that of noise-induced hearing loss. There is clear evidence to support the following statements about the effects on people of exposure to noise of sufficient intensity and duration. Noise can permanently damage the inner ear with resulting permanent hearing loss that can range from slight impairment to nearly total deafness. Noise can result in temporary hearing losses and repeated exposures to noise can lead to chronic hearing losses. Noise can interfere with speech communication and the perception of other auditory signals. Noise can disturb sleep. Noise can be a source of annoyance. Noise can interfere with the performance of complicated tasks and, of course, can especially disturb performance when speech communication or response to auditory signal is demanded. Noise and other acoustical considerations can reduce the opportunity for privacy. Noise can adversely influence mood and disturb relaxation. In all of these ways noise can affect the essential nature of human life - its quality. It is for these reasons that the recitation of facts and hypotheses that follow may be of some importance.
Effects of Noise on Wildlife and Other Animals
December 1971
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In recent years the possible effects of noise on wildlife have become a matter of serious concern, for several excellent reasons. Our rapidly growing population and advancing technology result in ever increasing noise levels. Noise is an unwanted and at times a potentially dangerous by-product of virtually every aspect of modern-day life - construction, transportation, power generation, manufacturing, recreation, etc. Today we find that areas previously considered remote, and therefore relatively non-polluted by noise, are now being exposed or are in danger of exposure to various kinds of noise pollution. The effects that increased noise levels will have on wildlife in these areas are virtually unknown. Obviously animals that rely on their auditory systems for courtship and mating behavior, prey location, predator detection, homing, etc., will be more threatened by increased noise than will species that utilize other sensory modalities. However, due to the complex interrelationships that exist among all the organisms in an ecosystem, interference with one species might well affect all the other species.
Effects of Noise on Wildlife and Other Animals
December 1971
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Effects of Noise on Wildlife and Other Animals - Review of Research Since 1971
Patricia A. Dufour
July 1980
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This report represents a survey of the most significant studies since EPA issued its first report concerning noise effects on wildlife in 1971. The report has been divided into three main sections: laboratory animals, domestic animals, and wildlife. Studies within each of the three sections are further arranged by taxonomic groups and/or individual species, depending on the amount of material available. Reports on each species or taxonomic group are presented in four major categories of noise effects: auditory physiological, masking, nonauditory physiological, and behavioral.
The Effects of Sonic Boom and Similar Impulsive Noise on Structures
December 1971
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A brief discussion is given of the physical nature of somin booms, and other impulsive noises, and the parameters, such as over-pressure, duration, and mechanical impulse, which are used to characterize booms. This is followed by an overview of the response of structures - particularly buildings - to sonic booms and a review of the damage history observed due to supersonic overflights. The report concludes with a summary of the observed effects of impulsive noise on terrain and natural structures.
The Effects of Sonic Boom and Similar Impulsive Noise on Structures
December 1971
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A Brief discussion is given of the physical nature of sonic booms, and other impulsive noises, and the parameters, such as over-pressure, duration, and mechanical impulse, which are used to characterize booms. This is followed by an overview of the response of structures - particularly buildings - to sonic booms and a review of the damage history observed due to supersonic overflights. The report concludes with a summary of the observed effects of impulsive noise on terrain and natural structures.
El Ruido: Un Problema Para La Salud
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Elements of Successful Community Noise Control Programs
James Adams
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Energy Conservation and Noise Control in Residences
D.N. Keast
August 1978
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There are several ways for reducing the intrusion of noise into a dwelling that can also reduce the energy required to heat or cool the building, Similarly, efforts to reduce energy consumption can provide a concomitant noise-reduction benefit. This memorandum discusses and provides quantitative estimates of these synergistic benefits. In addition, suggestions are provided for resolving apparent conflicts between the independent objectives of building energy conservation and building noise control.
Energy Conservation and Noise Control in Urban Residences: Demonstration Program Plan
David N. Keast; Donna D. Berman
September 1979
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Planning activities have been underway for about five months to design an Energy Conservation and Noise Control Demonstration Program for the decade of the 1980s. This effort has been under the direction of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Energy, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the National Bureau of Standards. The resulting plan for conducting the demonstration is discussed in this report.
Engineering Guidelines for the Analysis of Traffic-Induced Vibrations
F.F. Rudder, Jr.
February 1978
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These guidelines present a methodology for assessing the potential for adverse environmental impact resulting from seismic vibrations induced by traffic operating on highways. Vehicle/pavement interaction, propagation of vibration, response of building structure, and evaluation criteria are presented in quantitative engineering terms. Abatement strategies, measurement, and analysis of traffic-induced vibration are discussed. Pavement surface roughness, vehicle speed, and vehicle gross weight are the important parameters describing traffic-induced vibration. Example problems and analyses are presented. Highway engineers and planners familiar with techniques used to evaluate traffic noise impact should easily understand and use these guidelines.
Engineers Core Curriculum - Highway Traffic Noise
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Numerous studies indicate that the most pervasive sources of noise in our environment today are those associated with transportation. Traffic noise tends to be the dominant noise source in our urban as well as rural environment. In response to the problem associated with traffic noise, FHPM 7-7-3, "Procedures for Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise and Construction Noise," establishes a requirement for a noise study for any proposed Federal or Federal-aid project. This regulation specifies procedures that State transportation agencies must follow in preparing assessments for highway noise for proposed projects. The purpose of this document is to provide a simple and concise discussion on how to implement these procedures. Two individual 1-week long training courses are available for instructing FHWA field staffs and State highway agencies (SHA) in the detailed technical methodologies for analyzing and abating traffic noise impacts. This document is intended to provide information necessary for FHWA Regional and Division office staffs' reviews of SHA noise analyses.
Environment and Development: Breaking the Ideological Deadlock - 21st UN Issues Conference - 1990
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Environmental Assessment of Airport Development Actions
January 1977
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The purpose of this document is to provide specific step-by-step guidance on the preparation of environmental impact assessment reports and statements for airport projects in accordance with DOT/FAA, EPA, CEQ, and other regulatory and reviewing agency requirements. It is intended that this document provide instructional material which will extend beyond present guidelines which state what impacts to consider; the guidance book is designed to explain how each potential impact should be approached, analyzed, referenced, and presented. Included in this text are instructions on how to collect and analyze environmental impact data so as to provide clear, responsive documentation in conformance with specifc Federal, state and local laws and regulations. This book covers all steps of the study and review process including assessment methodologies and report preparation, public hearing presentation, responses to comments raised by reviewing agencies and the general public, and final statement preparation....
The Environmental Frontier: Noise Control
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Environmental Health Criteria 12 - Noise
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Environmental Impact Statement - Review Guidelines for Airport/Aircraft Noise
Edward H. Robbins; Edward D. Studholme
March 1975
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Environmental Impact Statement for Final Interstate Rail Carrier Noise Emission Regulation: Source Standards
December 1979
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This Environmental Impact Statement addresses the final noise emission regulation for railroad activities, other than line-haul operations. In arriving at the final regulation, the Environmental Protection Agency carried out detailed investigations of railroad yard operations, noise sources, noise measurement methodologies, available noise control technology, costs attendant to noise control methods, possible economic impacts, and the potential environmental and health and welfare benefits associated with the application of various noise control measures. Data and information were generated as a result of these investigations. Summaries are presented herein of the more pertinent information regarding the environmental impacts expected to result from the regulatory action.
Environmental Impact Statement for the Final Noise Emission Regulation for Buses
July 1980
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This document presents an assessment of the expected benefits and impacts of the Final Noise Emission Regulation for Buses. The information presented includes a description of the bus noise problem, the statutory basis for the action, a summary of the regulation, State and local programs complementary to Federal noise emission standards for buses, the alternatives considered, the expected benefits of the regulation, the potential economic effects of the regulation, public comments on the draft environmental impact statement, and conclusions.
Environmental Impact Statement for the Noise Emission Regulations for Motorcycles and Motorcycle Exhaust Systems
December 1980
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This document presents an assessment of the expected benefits and impacts of the final noise emission regulations for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems. The information presented includes a description of the motorcycle and motorcycle exhaust noise problem, the statutory basis for action, a summary of the regulation, State and local programs complementary to Federal noise emission standards for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems, the rationale for regulation, the expected benefits of the regulation, the potential economic effects of the regulation, public comments on the draft environmental impact statement, and conclusions.
Environmental News - EPA Sets Noise Ceiling for Garbage Trucks
September 1979
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Environmental Noise Assessment Lawton, Oklahoma
Robert M. LaBreche; Michael L. Mendias
April 1976
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Using a simple methodology employing inexpensive equipment as described in this report, Lawton, Oklahoma, assessed environmental nois elevels in their community during the summer of 1975. They measured equivalent sound levels at eleven sites within the city and identified major sources of noise. The results showed only two areas in Lawton with probable adverse noise impacts, both in the vicinity of local airfields. Small aircraft, automobiles, and helicopters were the most prevalent sources of intrusive environmental noises. Jet aircrafts were the most intense.
Environmental Noise Measurement
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Environmental Noise Measurements on Interstate 57 During and After Strike
P.D. Schomer; B.L. Homans
June 1974
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Noise and traffic-count data were recorded and analyzed during and immediately after a nationwide strike of independent truckers. This report presents statistical noise levels, equivalent sound level (Leq), and day-night level (Ldn) for a two-week data-gathering period. From these results, it is possible to infer the truck contribution to highway noise.
Environmental Planning Paper - Airport Environs: Land Use Controls
May 1970
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Environmental Protection Agency - Identification of Products as Major Sources of Noise - Report
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Environmental Report - National League of Cities - Buying Quiet is Good Buying Practice
March 1982
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Environmental Report - National League of Cities - Can City Hall Buy Peace and Quiet?
July 1979
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Environmental Report - National League of Cities - Cities Cut Noise Levels With 'Buy Quiet' Programs
October 1980
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Environmental Report - National League of Cities - The President's Noise Initiative…
October 1979
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EPA 40 CFR Part 205 - Deferral of Effective Dates
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This is an advance copy, as signed by the administrator fo the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on January 19, 1981 of a one year deferral of the effective dates of the medium and heavy truck and truck-mounted solid waste compactor noise emission regulations.
EPA Analysis of the Amendment to Delete "Engine Brake" Deceleration Testing from the Medium and Heavy Truck Noise Regulation
ONAC
May 1977
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A presentation of the questions posed and an assessment of the issues related to the consideration of the amendment to delete deceleration testing from the medium and heavy truck noise regulation (40 CPR 205) is reported. Although noise emissions from engine brake operation are inique in character, it appears that noise control using engine exhaust muffling for the vehicle acceleration mode also reduces engine brake deceleration sound levels. Economic impacts of vehicle deceleration testing using engine brakes appear minimal if engine brakes are installed at the point of manufacture. The report contains EPA Regulatory Docket No. ONAC 77-3 exhibiting all comments submitted by interested parties.
EPA Clearance Record - Delegation Manual - Revised Noise Delegations
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EPA Clearance Record - Delegations Manual - Revised Delegation
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The Assistant Administrator for the Office of External Affairs (OEA) proposes to transfer responsibility for delegations of the Noise Control Act of 1972 to the Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation (OAR) who was orginally responsible for these delegations. OEA and OAR agree that OAR can better manage any regulatory and technical issues arising under the Act. OEA will retain responsibility for information dissemination, education and approval of grants and cooperative agreements.
EPA Health and Welfare Analysis
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EPA Letter to the Trucking Industry on Rescinding the One Year Deferral of the Noise Emission Standards for Medium and Heavy Trucks
March 1981
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The EPA Noise Abatement and Control Program
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EPA Noise Abatement and Control Program
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EPA Noise Abatment Program Strategy
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This strategy paper describes EPA's plan for noise abatement over the next five years, as well as in the longer term. The background of this strategy is described and the selection of goals and priorities is explained. The step-by-step plans for implementing the goals are then detailed and the assessment of progress is discussed.
EPA Noise Control Program - Progress to Date
March 1978
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This booklet describes the progress EPA has made to date in accomplishing the mandated requirements of the Noise Control Act of 1972. The Act sets as its goal the promotion of an environment for all Americans free from noise jeopardizing their health and welfare. Also included in this booklet are EPA plans for future actions. The information is presented in a section-by-section format for ease of reference.
EPA Noise Control Program - Progress to Date
February 1977
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This booklet describes the progress EPA has made to date in accomplishing the mandated requirements of the Noise Control Act of 1972, which sets as its goal the promotion of an environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health and welfare. Also included are EPA plans for future actions. The information is presented in a section-by-section format for ease of reference. Progress is described for only those sections of the Act requiring definite outputs or major coordinating actions. Sections involving strictly administrative procedures are not treated.
EPA ONAC Noise Decision Model User's Guide
September 1983
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EPA ONAC Noise Decision Model User's Guide
August 1983
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EPA ONAC Noise Decision Model User's Guide - Appendix: Model Output
September 1983
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EPA/ONAC Comments on the proposed Airport and Airway Imrpovement Act of 1979
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The EPA Office of Noise Abatement and Control offered objections and comments to certain sections of the proposed Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1979 and the Legislative Environmental Impact Statement, March 1979 Draft. No significant changes of the LEIS are presented in the "April Edition" that would alter the form or content of this offices comments.
EPA's Quiet Communities Five-Year Plan - FY 1981 - FY 1985
February 1980
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This Report to the Congress sets forth a Five-Year Plan for the implementation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Noise Control Program. In response to a Congressional request, this Plan has been developed during the first year following the passage of the Quiet Communities Act in November of 1978. It covers Fiscal Years 1981 through 1985.
Epidemiology Feasibility Study: Effects of Noise on the Cardiovascular System
Shirley Thompson
September 1981
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This report contains a review of all world literature to date and a critical analysis of existing foreign and domestic epidemiological research on the nonauditory physiological effects of noise. In addition, the scientific literature on hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and general stress are analyzed for its applicability to noise effects epidemiology. Information and recommendations pertinent to a number of substantive and methodological issues related to the design and conduct of future noise effects epidemiology is also provided.
Epidemiology Feasibility Study: Effects of Noise on the Cardiovascular System - Appendix B - Annotated Bibliography - Literature: The Effects of Noise on the Cardiovascular System
Shirley Thompson
July 1981
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This bibliography is based on a comprehensive search of the world literature on the epidemiologic studies of the effect of noise on the cardiovascular system in man. It is composed of a critical analysis of thirty0five studies published in the English literature and fourty-four studies from foreign journals translated for this evaluation. Four tasks were involved in the evaluation process. (1) Development of methodologic criteria for evaluating: the adequacy of the noise parameters; the quality of the cardiovascular response measures; the overall validity of the study. (2) Critical review of each article by an expert review team composed of an audiologist, cardiologist, and epidemiologist. (3) Summarization of the three independent evaluations of the review team by the project director. (4) Assignment of a numerical score to each component of the study evaluated resulting in three scores for each study: a noise exposure rating; a health effects score; an epidemiologic-methodology score. The assignment of numerical scores and ratings are discussed in the narrative report accompanying this bibliography. The assessment criteria employed, the assessment forms devised for standardization of the critiques and summarizations of the evaluations follow.
Epidemiology Feasibility Study: Effects of Noise on the Cardiovascular System - Appendix C - Review of Non-Noise Related Research of the Cardiovascular System
Julian E. Kail; David M. Propert; Shirley J. Thompson
July 1981
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This review will present introductory information about the pathology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases. The primary focus will be a discussion of the key cardiovascular diseases, their manifestations, risk factors, etiology of the risk factors and origin of the precipitants of the diseases. Specifically, the purpose of this "state-of-the-art" review is to provide an empirical foundation for subsequent noise-related research by: (1) summarizing the current knowledge of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular diseases; (2) denoting key confounding and interactive factors which must be considered in the design of future studies; and (3) identifying pathways in the pathogenic process and specifying potential entry points for investigation of noise as one environmental influence on the cardiovascular system. Thus, we will present a review of the literature describing the various physiological and biochemical factors associated with cardiovascular disease pathogenesis together with epidemiologic rationale for and against the risk agents. The authors have examined review articles and other selected papers published in the last three years, but in addition, have included information from classic papers of earlier years from their extensive reprint files. First, the pathophysiology of each major cardiovascular disease or physiologic state is addressed. This is followed by a succint discussion of the epidemiology including incidence, prevalence, and secular trends as well as the major risk factors for the emergence of cardiovascular diseases in human populations.
Estimate of the Impact of Noise from Jet Aircraft Air Carrier Operations
Kenneth M. Eldred
September 1980
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This report contains an update and revision of the estimated noise impact of airport jet air carrier operations in the years 1975 and 2000. These estimates are based on the current takeoff flight procedures; the 1979 FAA fleet forecast, and current definitions of new technology aircraft. They do not assume additional regulatory actions, either in aircraft noise certification or in airport operations, nor do they assume additional noise control efforts on the part of individual airports. These results are based largely on the methodology and data contained in a prior study [1], except for updating certain basic information in that study from 1975 to 1979 and revising a part of the methodology for estimating population impacted. The sensitivity of the results with respect to changes in these four factors has been investigated with a simplified noise characteristics vs. area impact model. The model directly relates the noise characteristic, Ldn, calculated at a 1000-ft slant distance, for each of the four busy runway average airport fleets to the area contained within each Ldn contour, as calculated in Ref. 1. The model was calibrated for current standard takeoff procedures using three cases from the Ref. 1 study which covered the range of results from maximum to minimum impact. The model enables evaluation of the variation of both noise and operations parameters, but not takeoff flight procedures, over a much wider range of alternatives than those considered in this report.
Evaluation and Abatement of Noise from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units and Airport Ground Power Units
Michael A. Staiano; Robert A. Samis; Steven Toth
October 1980
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APUs and GPUs provide essential service to aircraft during ground operations. Sound levels near these devices range from 80 to 87 dBA at 30 m for APUs, 83 to 103 dBA at 10 m for turbine-engined GPUs, and 71 to 80 dBA at 10 m for piston-engined GPUs. Procedures are provided for: (1) estimating community sound levels due to APUs and GPUs, (2) estimating their exposures in terms of day-night sound levels, and (3) assessing the desirability of noise abatement by comparison to recommended levels for acceptability. Noise abatement options include: operational changes, equipment movement, equipment substitution, equipment quieting, and sound barrier usage.
An Evaluation and Assessment of Existing Data and Procedures for Tire Noise Measurement
R.D. Kilmer; W.A. Leasure Jr.; T.L. Quindry
November 1975
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This report reviews existing tire noise measurement procedures with regard to their usefulness in the regulation of tire noise as well as the availability, extent and applicability of existing data. On the basis of this review, probable or potential measurement difficulties are identified that could hinder the promulgation and/or enforcement of future EPA regulations to control the noise emission from tires.
Evaluation of a Simulated Road Texture for the Testing of Tire/Road Noise
Eric Stusnick; Kenneth J. Platkin
March 1982
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As part of a project to study tire/road noise, a laboratory roadwheel facility was equipped with replica road surfaces. The replica surfaces, of a design first developed by Dunlop, Ltd., consisted of fiberglass and epoxy resin shells clamped to the roadwheel. The outer surface of each shell was molded from a rubber impression taken from a real road surface, thus replicating the texture. To evaluate the effect of pavement texture, and to establish the realism of the replica surfaces, a series of near-field measurements of noise from four heavy truck tires were made on the replica surfaces and on moving tests on the real surfaces. Moving tests on a flat steel surface were also made. Data from these same tires on a smooth steel roadwheel were available from a previous program. A comparison between these three sets of data shows that the replica surface provides a good simulation of real pavement, and is more realistic than a plain steel drum. The conclusion was also reached that in laboratory facilities it is more important to duplicate the road texture than the curvature of the surface.
Evaluation of Commercial Integrating-Type Noise Exposure Meters
William A. Leasure Jr.; Ronald L. Fisher; Marylin A. Cadoff
December 1973
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As a result of the promulgation of occupational noise exposure regulations by the Federal government, there are a number of commercial noise exposure meters on the market today that provide a measure of noise integrated (with appropriate weighting) over a time interval. This report presents the results of an evaluation of such instruments by the National Bureau of Standards (under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) as to their usefulness in monitoring compliance with occupational noise regulations as well as their applicability as instruments for use in achieving the broader goals of the EPA. Tests were designed and conducted to evaluate microphone and system response to sound of random incidence, frequency response, crest factor capability, accuracy of the exchange rate circuitry, performance of the noise exposure meter as a function of temperature, and the dependence of the device on battery voltage. The rationals of the test procedures utilized to evaluate overall system as well as specific performance attributes, details of the measurement techniques, and results obtained are discussed.
An Evaluation of Hearing Test Program Brochures and Sounds Alive - Two Elements of the Quiet School Program
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An Evaluation of Strategies to Control Noise from Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Condensing Units.
George L. Durden; John O. Myers; Thomas A. Towers; Donna McCord Dickman
December 1981
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This report details the strategies evaluated and assesses the experience encountered in the investigation of noise from air conditioning and refrigeration condensing units in the State of Maryland. Each isdesigned to provide guidance for other state and local noise programs faced with similar noise problems. Hence, emphasis is placed on the practical aspects of attempting to implement innovative approaches. These included: (1) Sample selection, (2) noise measurement survey, (3) implementation of aggressive abatement procedures, (4) development and use of a screening graph for determining acceptability of sound rated outdoor unitary equipment, (5) incorporation of noise control considerations into The Division of Food Control, (6) exploration of an operational curfew, (7) development of an incentive/information program.
An Evaluation of Strategies to Control Noise from Grain Dryers
George L. Durden; John O. Myers; Thomas A. Towers; Donna McCord Dickman
December 1981
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This report deals with the investigation of each of the noise control alternatives for grain dryers in the State of Maryland. The elements of the grain dryer report included: (1) sample identification through survey of grain dryer locations, zoning and noise levels; (2) analysis of background and operational noise levels for the sample selected for study; (3) use of aggressive abatement procedures: citing of violators, modification of existing equipment, property acquisition and mechanical permits; (4) exploration of the impact of operational curfews, and (5) development of an incentive and information program. The primary objective of this study was to furnish and verify information with recommendations for future approaches to grain dryers noise control which would be of assistance to other jurisdictions, faced with grain dryers noise problems, as well as, references to other studies which may be helpful.
An Evaluation of Strategies to Control Noise From Minibikes
Stephen D. Larson; Donna McCord Dickman
October 1981
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This report covers a series of potential control strategies for minibike noise which can be used in a metropolitan jurisdiction. Other jurisdictions would gain insight into their minibike noise problems from reading this report. These potential strategies include: a curfew alternative; a specific use area; prohibited use on public land except recreational areas and on private lands with permission of the owner; and an exploration of the possibility of a registration/licensing fee. The study was made in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is a large and wealthy suburban area that is part of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Exploration of the curfew alternative indicates that it is not a particularly effective strategy in controlling minibike noise; parental curfews prevail as minibiker are frequently early teen-agers. Other proposed control methods are similarly explored. The authors feel that the combination of strategies explored have resulted in a noise reduction for minibikes in the country. The reduction in minibike noise complaints would, undoubtedly, be greater if the specific use area strategy had been implemented in Montgomery County. Other jurisdictions are strongly encouraged to implement this strategy. The highlight of this study was a minibike rodeo to educate owner-operators on the operation of minibikes.
An Evaluation of Strategies to Control Noise From Refuse Collection Vehicles
Sat Agrawal; Donna McCord Dickman; Steve Larson
October 1981
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This report investigated four potential noise control approaches to the control of noise from refuse collection vehicles. These included: (1) the potential impact of a legislative alternative requiring stationary compactors for all new high-rise developments; (2) the effect of a collection curfew; (3) the incorporation of noise into an annual inspection program and (4) the impact of taking no local action and allowing federal regulations to serve as the only control. It provides a mechanism for routine monitoring and isolation of particularly noise vehicles. As this study was performed in Prince George's County, Maryland, where high-rise development is minimal, further consideration for the first alternative was not given.
Evaluation of Various Motorcycle Noise Stationary Test Procedures
July 1982
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Examination of Selected Alternative Means of Achieving Significant Aircraft/Airport Noise Reduction
Robert D. Rudich
May 1973
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This report, the product of thirteen man/days of research of currently available documentation, analysis and preparation, proposes to produce most of the answers to most of the same questions toward which the Department of Transportation's Office of Noise Abatement has been addressing many, many times the same amount of manpower and hundreds of thousands of dollars over the past four years. It is recognized that some of the data herein have been derived as a result of that effort; however, it must concomitantly be realized by the reader that a good portion of the aforecited effort is not yet complete. Therefore what follows is the writer's best assessment of the values, shortcomings, costs, time-framing and feasibility of the aircraft noise abatement and prevention alternatives examined. This is particularly true in the section of the report dealing with recommended combinations of selected strategies.
Experimental Study of the Effect of the Difference Between "Hard" and "Soft" Ground Surfaces on Truck Noise Measurements
November 1978
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Data on truck noise measurements have been gathered for two trucks, operating in accordance with the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety Noise Regulations, over "hard" and "soft" sites, and for various intermediate surface conditions. The results, averaged for all operating conditions, indicate a difference between hard and soft sites that increases with both the percentage of site hardness and with microphone distance. The generally accepted difference of + 2 dB(A) between hard-site and soft-site data specified in the BMCS regulations is seen to be approximately correct for IMI tests, but about 1 dB(A) low for passby tests at 50 ft. These results confirm those reported by other investigators.
Experimental Study of the Effect of the Difference Between "Hard" and "Soft" Ground Surfaces on Truck Noise Measurements
November 1978
PDF
Data on truck noise measurements have been gathered for two trucks, operating in accordance with the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety Noise Regulations, over "hard" and "soft" sites, and for various intermediate surface conditions. The results, averaged for all operating conditions, indicate a difference between hard and soft sites that increases with both the percentage of site hardness and with microphone distance. The generally accepted difference of + 2 dB(A) between hard-site and soft-site data specified in the BMCS regulations is seen to be approximately correct for IMI tests, but about 1 dB(A) low for passby tests at 50 ft. These results confirm those reported by other investigators.