Tyres for motor vehicles and their trailers and their fitting - 2001/43/EC
Directive 2001/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27
June 2001
amending Council Directive 92/23/EEC relating to tyres for motor
vehicles and their trailers and to their fitting
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and
in particular Article 95 thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission(1),
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee(2),
Acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251 of
the Treaty(3), in the light of the joint text approved by the Conciliation
Committee on 21 March 2001,
Whereas:
(1) Measures should be adopted for the purpose of ensuring the smooth
functioning of the internal market.
(2) Council Directive 92/23/EEC of 31 March 1992 relating to tyres
for motor vehicles and their trailers, and to their fitting(4) is one of
the separate directives under the Community approval procedure introduced
by Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of
the laws of the Member States relating to the type approval of motor
vehicles and their trailers(5); the provisions of Directive 70/156/EEC
concerning systems, components and separate technical units for motor
vehicles will thus apply to this Directive.
(3) For the purposes of implementing in particular Article 3(4), and
Article 4(3) of Directive 70/156/EEC, each separate Directive should
contain, in an Annex thereto, an information document and an approval
document drawn up in accordance with Annex VI to Directive 70/156/EEC for
the purpose of computerising approval; the approval document set out in
Directive 92/23/EEC must therefore be amended.
(4) Article 4(2) of Council Directive 92/97/EEC of 10 November 1992
amending Directive 70/157/EEC relating to the permissible noise level and
exhaust system of motor vehicles(6), states that any subsequent action
intended, in particular, to reconcile the safety requirements with the
need to limit the noise arising from contact between tyres and road
surfaces will be adopted on the basis of a proposal from the Commission
which will take account of the studies and research to be conducted in
connection with that source of noise.
(5) A realistic, reproducible method enabling the noise arising from
contact between tyres and road surfaces to be measured has been developed;
on the basis of that new method of measurement, a study has been carried
out in order to produce a numerical value for the sound level representing
the tyre-road noise generated by various types of tyres fitted to various
types of motor vehicle.
(6) It is to be acknowledged, when setting tyre-rolling noise
requirements, that tyres are designed taking into account parameters
relating to safety and environment and that a constraint on one parameter
can affect the other parameters; it should also be acknowledged, when
setting tyre-rolling noise requirements, that there is an ongoing
development of international standards relating to road surface undertaken
by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) and to
endurance and safety requirements relating to tyres undertaken by the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
(7) Directive 92/23/EEC should be amended accordingly.
(8) The measures necessary for the implementation of this Directive
should be adopted in accordance with Council Decision 1999/468/EC of 28
June 1999 laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing
powers conferred on the Commission(7),
HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:
Article 1
Directive 92/23/EEC shall be amended as follows:
1. "EEC component type-approval", "EEC type-approval"
and "EEC approval" shall be replaced in every instance by the
term "EC type-approval";
2. in Article 1, the first indent, shall read as follows: "-
'tyre' means any new pneumatic tyre including a winter tyre with holes for
studs, in the form of original equipment or of a replacement, intended to
be fitted to vehicles to which Directive 70/156/EEC applies. This
definition does not cover winter tyres with studs; "
3. the following Article shall be inserted: "Article 1a
1. The requirements set out in Annex V shall apply to tyres intended
to be fitted to vehicles first used on or after 1 October 1980.
2. The requirements set out in Annex V shall not apply to:
(a) tyres whose speed rating is less than 80 km/h;
(b) tyres whose nominal rim diameter does not exceed 254 mm (or code
10) or is 635 mm or more (code 25);
(c) T type temporary use spare tyres as defined in 2.3.6 of Annex II;
(d) tyres designed only to be fitted to vehicles registered for the
first time before 1 October 1980.";
4. Article 2 shall be replaced by the following: "Article 2
1. Member States shall grant EC type-approval, under the conditions
laid down in Annex I, to all types of tyres meeting the requirements of
Annex II, and shall allocate to these an approval number as specified in
Annex I.
2. Member States shall grant EC type-approval, under the conditions
laid down in Annex I, to all types of tyres meeting the requirements of
Annex V and shall allocate to these an approval number as specified in
Annex I.
3. Member States shall grant EC type-approval to all vehicles in
respect of their tyres under the conditions laid down in Annex III, where
those tyres (including spare tyres, where appropriate) meet the
requirements of Annex II and the requirements concerning vehicles laid
down in Annex IV, and shall allocate to any such vehicle an approval
number as specified in Annex III".
5. the List of Annexes and the Annexes shall be amended in accordance
with the Annex to this Directive;
6. the following Article shall be inserted: "Article 10a
1. As from 4 February 2003, Member States may not:
(a) refuse to grant EC type-approval or national approval for a type
of vehicle or type of tyre, or
(b) prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of
vehicles, and the sale or entry into service or use of tyres, for reasons
relating to the tyres and their fitting to new vehicles, if the vehicles
or tyres comply with the requirements laid down in this Directive, as
amended by Directive 2001/43/EC(8).
2. As from 4 August 2003, Member States may no longer grant EC
type-approval, and shall refuse to grant national type-approval for those
types of tyre which fall within the scope of this Directive and which do
not meet the requirements of this Directive, as amended by Directive
2001/43/EC.
3. As from 4 February 2004, Member States may no longer grant EC
type-approval or national approval for a type of vehicle, for reasons
relating to its tyres or their fitting, if the requirements of this
Directive, as amended by Directive 2001/43/EC, are not met.
4. As from 4 February 2005, Member States shall:
(a) consider certificates of conformity accompanying new vehicles in
accordance with the provisions of Directive 70/156/EEC as being no longer
valid for the purposes of Article 7(1) of the said Directive, if the
requirements of this Directive, as amended by Directive 2001/43/EC, are
not met, and
(b) refuse the registration or prohibit the sale or entry into
service of new vehicles which do not meet the requirements of this
Directive, as amended by Directive 2001/43/EC.
5. As from 1 October 2009, the provisions of this Directive, as
amended by Directive 2001/43/EC, shall apply for the purposes of Article
7(2) of Directive 70/156/EC, to all tyres which fall within the scope of
this Directive, with the exception of tyres of classes C1d and C1e, to
which they shall apply as from 1 October 2010 and 1 October 2011
respectively."
Article 2
1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and
administrative provisions necessary in order to comply with this Directive
before 4 August 2002. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.
They shall apply these provisions from 4 February 2003 at the latest.
2. When Member States adopt the measures referred to in paragraph 1,
they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied
by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication. The
methods of making such a reference shall be laid down by the Member
States.
3. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the
main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by
this Directive.
Article 3
1. By 4 August 2003 at the latest, an amendment to Directive
92/23/EEC shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure referred to in
Article 4(2) in order to introduce grip tests for tyres.
2. In the light of the experience gained from the introduction of
limit values for tyre noise, the Commission shall, within 36 months after
the entry into force of this Directive, submit to the European Parliament
and the Council a report concerning whether and to what extent technical
progress would, without compromising safety, allow the introduction of the
limit values indicated in Annex V, section 4.2.1., columns B and C, of
Directive 92/23/EEC, as amended by this Directive. On the basis of this
report, the Commission shall within 12 months propose an amendment of
Directive 92/23/EEC, with a view to introducing provisions relating to
safety, environmental and rolling resistance aspects.
Article 4
1. The Commission shall be assisted by the Committee for Adaptation
to Technical Progress set up by Article 13 of Directive 70/156/EEC,
hereinafter referred to as "the Committee".
2. Where reference is made to this paragraph Articles 5 and 7 of
Decision 1999/468/EC shall apply, having regard to the provisions of
Article 8 thereof.
The period laid down in Article 5(6) of Decision 1999/468/EC shall be
set at three months.
3. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure.
Article 5
This Directive shall enter into force on the day of its publication
in the Official Journal of the European Communities.
Article 6
This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Done at Luxembourg, 27 June 2001.
For the European Parliament
The President
N. Fontaine
For the Council
The President
B. Rosengren
(1) OJ C 30, 28.1.1998, p. 8.
(2) OJ C 235, 27.7.1998, p. 24.
(3) Opinion of the European Parliament of 18 February 1998 (OJ C 80,
16.3.1998, p. 90), Council Common Position of 13 April 2000 (OJ C 195,
11.7.2000, p. 16) and Decision of the European Parliament of 7 September
2000 (OJ C 135, 7.5.2001, p. 254). Decision of the European Parliament of
31 May 2001 and Decision of the Council of 5 June 2001.
(4) OJ L 129, 24.5.1992, p. 95. Directive as amended by the 1994 Act
of Accession.
(5) OJ L 42, 23.2.1970, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive
2000/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 203,
10.8.2000, p. 9).
(6) OJ L 371, 19.12.1992, p. 1.
(7) OJ L 184, 17.7.1999, p. 23.
(8) Directive 2001/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 17 June 2001 amending Council Directive 92/23/EEC relating to
tyres for motor vehicles and their trailers and to their fitting (OJ L
211, 4.8.2001, p. 25).
ANNEX
1. The list of Annexes will read as follows:
">TABLE POSITION>"
2. Annex I is replaced by the following:
"ANNEX I
ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS FOR THE EC
TYPE-APPROVAL OF TYRES
1. APPLICATION FOR THE EC TYPE-APPROVAL OF A TYPE OF TYRE
1.1. The application for EC type-approval for a type of tyre pursuant
to Article 3(4) of Directive 70/156/EEC is to be submitted by the tyre
manufacturer.
1.1.1. The application for EC type-approval pursuant to Annex II is
to be accompanied, in triplicate, by a description of the tyre type as
described in the information document in Appendix 1.
1.1.1.1. The application must be accompanied (all in triplicate) by a
sketch, or a representative photograph, which identifies the tyre tread
pattern and a sketch of the envelope of the inflated tyre mounted on the
measuring rim showing the relevant dimensions (see sections 6.1.1. and
6.1.2. of Annex II) of the type submitted for approval.
1.1.1.2. It must be accompanied either by the test report issued by
the appointed technical service or by a number of samples to be determined
by the approval authority.
1.1.2. The application for EC type-approval pursuant to Annex V is to
be accompanied, in triplicate, by a description of the tyre type as
described in the information document in Appendix 3.
1.1.2.1. The application must be accompanied (all in triplicate) by
sketches, drawings or photographs of the tread pattern(s) that is/are
representative of the type of tyres.
1.1.2.2. It must also be accompanied either by the test report issued
by the appointed technical service or by a number of samples to be
determined by the approval authority.
1.2. The manufacturer may apply for EC type-approval to be extended
1.2.1. to include modified tyre types for EC type-approvals pursuant
to Annex II and/or
1.2.2. to include additional tyre size designations and/or amended
brand names or manufacturer's trade descriptions and/or tread patterns for
EC type-approvals pursuant to Annex V.
1.3. Until 31 December 2005 the approval authority may accept the
labortatories of the tyre manufacturer as approved test laboratories
pursuant to Article 14(1) of Directive 70/156/EEC.
2. INSCRIPTIONS
2.1. Samples of a type of tyre submitted for EC type-approval must
bear the applicant's clearly visible and indelible trade mark or name and
must allow sufficient space for the inscription of the EC type-approval
mark as required in section 4 of this Annex.
3. EC TYPE-APPROVAL
3.1. EC type-approval pursuant to Article 4 of Directive 70/156/EEC
is to be granted and an EC type-approval number is to be issued in respect
of any tyre type, submitted in accordance with 1.1.1. above, which
satisfies the requirements of Annex II.
3.1.1. Notice of approval or extension or refusal or withdrawal of
approval or of production definitively discontinued in relation to a tyre
type pursuant to Annex II must be communicated to the Member States in
accordance with Article 4(6) of Directive 70/156/EEC.
3.1.2. EC type-approval pursuant to Article 4 of Directive 70/156/EEC
is to be granted and an EC type-approval number is to be issued in respect
of any tyre type, submitted in accordance with 1.1.2. above, which
satisfies the requirements of Annex V.
3.2.1. Notice of approval or extension or refusal or withdrawal of
approval or of production definitely discontinued in relation to a tyre
type pursuant to Annex V must be communicated to the Member States in
accordance with Article 4(6) of Directive 70/156/EEC.
3.3. An EC type-approval number is to be assigned to each tyre
type-approved. The same Member State must not assign the same number to
another tyre type. In particular, approval numbers assigned pursuant to
Annex II and EC type-approval numbers assigned pursuant to Annex V must be
different.
4. EC TYPE-APPROVAL MARKING
4.1. Any tyre conforming to a type in respect of which EC
type-approval has been granted pursuant to this Directive must bear the
relevant EC type-approval mark.
4.2. The EC type-approval mark will consist of a rectangle
surrounding the lower case letter "e" followed by the
distinguishing number of the Member State which has granted the
type-approval as per Annex VII to Directive 70/156/EEC. The EC
type-approval number will consist of the EC type-approval number shown on
the certificate completed for the type, preceded by two figures: "00"
for commercial vehicle tyres, "02" for passenger car tyres.
4.2.1. The rectangle forming the EC type-approval mark must have a
minimum length of 12 mm and a minimum height of 8 mm. Letter(s) and
number(s) must be at least 4 mm in height.
4.3. The EC type-approval marks and numbers, and any additional marks
required in Annex II, section 3., the latter for the type-approval
pursuant to the requirements of Annex II, must be affixed as prescribed in
that section.
4.4. Approval numbers assigned pursuant to Annex V must be followed
by the suffix "s" where "s" is an abbreviation for
sound.
4.5. An example of the EC type-approval mark is given below:
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.002901.TIF">
The tyre bearing the EC type-approval mark shown above is a
commercial vehicle tyre (00) satisfying the EC requirements (e), for which
the EC type-approval mark has been granted in Ireland (24) under the
number 479 pursuant to Annex II and in Italy (3) under the number 687-s
pursuant to Annex V.
Note:
The numbers "479" and "687" (EC-mark
type-approval numbers) and the number "24" and the digit "3"
(letters and number of the Member States which granted the EC approval)
are for guidance only.
The approval numbers must be placed close to the rectangle and may be
above, below, to the left or to the right. The characters of the approval
number must all be on the same side of the "e" and face in the
same direction.
5. MODIFICATION OF A TYRE TYPE
5.1. If a tyre type-approved pursuant to Annex II or pursuant to
Annex V has been modified, the provisions of Article 5 of Directive
70/156/EEC shall apply.
5.2. If the tread pattern of a tyre has been modified in the case of
type-approvals pursuant to Annex II, no repetition of the tests prescribed
in Annex II is considered necessary.
5.3. In the case where tyre-size designations or trade marks are
added to a range of tyres type-approved pursuant to Annex V, any
requirement for retesting shall be determined by the type approval
authority.
5.4. In the case of modification of the tyre tread pattern of a range
of tyres approved pursuant to Annex V, a representative set of samples
shall be retested unless the type approval authority is satisfied that the
modification does not affect the tyre/road noise emissions.
6. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION
6.1. The general rules to ensure the conformity of production shall
be adopted in accordance with the provisions laid down in Article 10 of
Directive 70/156/EEC.
6.2. In particular, when checks are carried out in accordance with
Appendix 1 to Annex V in order to check the conformity of production, if
the noise level of the tyre tested does not exceed the limit values set
out in section 4.2. of Annex V by more than 1 dB(A), the production shall
be deemed to conform to the requirements of section 4 of the
abovementioned Annex V."
3. The title of Appendix 1 to Annex I will read as follows: "Appendix
1
INFORMATION DOCUMENT No ... RELATING TO EC
TYPE-APPROVAL FOR A TYPE OF TYRE
(Annex II to Directive 92/23/EEC)"
4. The title of Appendix 2 to Annex I shall read as follows:
"Appendix 2
EC TYPE-APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
(tyres)
MODEL
(maximum format: A4 (210 mm x 297 mm))"
5. In Appendix 2 to Annex I under point "Communication
concerning the" the following indents are added: "- withdrawal
of type-approval (1);
- discontinuation of production (1)"
6. The following Appendices are added to Annex I:
"Appendix 3
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.003102.TIF">
Appendix 4
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.003202.TIF">"
7. In Annex IV, section 3.1.1. will read as follows: "3.1.1.
Subject to the provisions of section 3.7.4., every tyre fitted to a
vehicle, including where applicable any spare, must bear the EC
type-approval mark(s) as specified in section 4 of Annex I or the
type-approval mark indicating compliance with UN/ECE Regulations Nos 30 or
54. UN/ECE type-approval marks are considered to be equivalent only to the
EC type-approval marks granted pursuant to Annex II."
8. The following Annex and Appendices will be inserted:
"ANNEX V
TYRE/ROAD NOISE EMISSION
1. SCOPE
This annex applies to the EC type-approval of tyres, as components,
in respect of tyre/road noise emissions.
2. DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Annex, the definitions of Annex II shall
apply, except for the definition under section 2.1., which shall read as
follows:
2.1. "Type of tyre"
means, in relation to type-approval pursuant to this Annex (tyre/road
noise emission), a range of tyres consisting of a list of tyre size
designations (see section 2.17 in Annex II), brand names, trade marks and
trade descriptions which do not differ in such essential characteristics
as:
- the manufacturer's name
- the tyre classification (see section 2.4. of this Annex)
- the tyre structure (see section 2.1.4. of Annex II)
- the category of use (see section 2.1.3. of Annex II)
- for class C1 tyres. Reinforced or Extra Load
- the tread pattern (see 2.3 of Information Document, Annex I,
Appendix 3).
Note:
The effect of changes in minor details of tyre tread and construction
on the tyre/road noise emission will be determined during checks on the
conformity of production.
In addition, the following definitions shall also apply:
2.2. "Brand name or trade description"
means the identification for the tyre as provided by the tyre
manufacturer. The brand name may be the same as the manufacturer and the
trade description may coincide with the trade mark.
2.3. "Tyre/road noise emission"
means the noise arising from the contact between tyres in motion and
the road surface.
2.4. For the purpose of this Annex, the following classification
shall apply:
>TABLE POSITION>
3. MARKING REQUIREMENTS
3.1. In addition to other marking requirements given in section 4 of
Annex I and section 3 of Annex II, the tyre must bear the following
markings:
3.1.1. the manufacturer's name or trade mark; the brand name, the
trade description or the trade mark.
4. TYRE/ROAD NOISE EMISSION REQUIREMENTS
4.1. General requirements
A set of four tyres bearing the same tyre size designation and tread
pattern that is representative of the range of tyres, shall be submitted
to a tyre/road noise emission level test to be carried out as specified in
Appendix 1.
4.2. The noise levels determined in accordance with section 4.5 of
Appendix 1 shall not exceed the following limits:
4.2.1. Class C1 tyres, with reference to the nominal section width
(see Annex II, section 2.17.1.1.) of the tyre that has been tested:
>TABLE POSITION>
4.2.1.1. For reinforced (or Extra Load) tyres (see Annex II, section
3.1.8.), the limit values in section 4.2.1. shall be increased by 1 dB(A)
4.2.1.2. For tyres classified in category of use "Special",
(see Annex II, section 2.1.3.), the limit values in section 4.2.1. shall
be increased by 2 dB(A).
4.2.2. Class C2 tyres with reference to the category of use (see
Annex II, section 2.1.3.) of the range of tyres:
>TABLE POSITION>
4.2.3. Class C3 tyres, with reference to the category of use (see
Annex II, section 2.1.3.) of the range of tyres:
>TABLE POSITION>
Appendix 1
TEST METHOD FOR TYRE-ROAD SOUND LEVELS COAST-BY METHOD
0. Introduction
The presented method contains specifications on measuring
instruments, measurement conditions and the measurement method, in order
to obtain the noise level of a set of tyres mounted on a test vehicle
rolling at high speed on a specified road surface. The maximum sound
pressure level is to be recorded, when the test vehicle is coasting, by
remote-field microphones; the final result of a reference speed is
obtained from a linear regression analysis. Such test results cannot be
related to tyre noise measured during acceleration under power or
deceleration during braking.
1. Measuring instruments
1.1. Acoustic measurements
The sound level meter or the equivalent measuring system, including
the windscreen recommended by the manufacturer, shall at least meet the
requirements of Type 1 instruments in accordance with IEC 60651, second
edition.
The measurements shall be made using the frequency weighting A, and
the time weighting F.
When using a system that includes a periodic monitoring of the
A-weighted sound level, a reading should be made at a time interval not
greater than 30 ms.
1.1.1. Calibration
At the beginning and at the end of every measurement session, the
entire measurement system shall be checked by means of a sound calibrator
that fulfils the requirements for sound calibrators of at least precision
Class 1 according to IEC 942:1988. Without any further adjustment the
difference between the readings of two consecutive checks shall be less
than or equal to IEC 942:1988. Without any further adjustment the
difference between the readings of two consecutive checks shall be less
than or equal to 0,5 dB. If this value is exceeded, the results of the
measurements obtained after the previous satisfactory check shall be
discarded.
1.1.2. Compliance with requirements
The compliance of the sound calibration device with the requirements
of IEC 60942:1988 shall be verified once a year and the compliance of the
instrumentation system with the requirements of IEC 60651:1979/A1:1993,
second edition, shall be verified at least every two years by a laboratory
which is authorised to perform calibrations traceable to the appropriate
standards.
1.1.3. Positioning of the microphone
The microphone (or microphones) must be located at a distance of 7,5
m +- 0,05 m from track reference line CC1 (figure 1) and 1,2 m +- 0,02 m
above the ground. Its axis of maximum sensitivity must be horizontal and
perpendicular to the path of the vehicle (line CC1).
1.2. Speed measurements
The vehicle speed shall be measured with instruments with an accuracy
of +- 1 km/h or better when the front end of the vehicle has reached line
PP' (figure 1).
1.3. Temperature measurements
Measurements of air as well as test surface temperature are
mandatory. The temperature measuring devices shall be accurate within +- 1
°C.
1.3.1. Air temperature
The temperature sensor is to be positioned in an unobstructed
location close to the microphone in such a way that it is exposed to the
airflow and protected from direct solar radiation. The latter may be
achieved by any shading screen or similar device. The sensor should be
positioned at a height of 1,2 m +- 0,1 m above the test surface level in
order to minimise the influence of the test surface thermal radiation at
low airflows.
1.3.2. Test surface temperature
The temperature sensor is to be positioned in a location where the
temperature measured is representative of the temperature in the wheel
tracks, without interfering with the sound measurement. If an instrument
with a contact temperature sensor is used, heat-conductive paste shall be
applied between the surface and the sensor to ensure adequate thermal
contact.
If a radiation thermometer (pyrometer) is used, the height should be
chosen to ensure that a measuring spot with a diameter of > = 0,1 m is
covered.
1.4. Wind measurement
The device must be capable of measuring the wind speed with a
tolerance of +- 1 m/s. The wind shall be measured at microphone height.
The wind direction with reference to the driving direction shall be
recorded.
2. Conditions of measurement
2.1. Test site
The test site must consist of a central section surrounded by a
substantially flat test area. The measuring section must be level; the
test surface must be dry and clean for all measurements. The test surface
shall not be artificially cooled during or prior to the testing. The test
track must be such that the conditions of a free sound field between the
sound source and the microphone are attained to within 1 dB(A). These
conditions shall be deemed to be met if there are no large sound
reflecting objects such as fences, rocks, bridges or buildings within 50 m
of the centre of the measuring section. The surface of the test track and
the dimensions of the test site shall be in accordance with Appendix 2 of
this Annex.
A central part of at least 10 m radius shall be free of powdery snow,
tall grass, loose soil, cinders or the like. There must be no obstacle
which could affect the sound field within the vicinity of the microphone
and no persons shall stand between the microphone and the sound source.
The operator carrying out the measurements and any observers attending the
measurements must position themselves so as not to affect the readings of
the measuring instruments.
2.2. Meteorological conditions
Measurements shall not be made under poor atmospheric conditions. It
must be ensured that the results are not affected by gusts of wind.
Testing shall not be performed if the wind speed at the microphone height
exceeds 5 m/s.
Measurements shall not be made if the air temperature is below 5 °C
or above 40 °C or the test surface temperature is below 5 °C or
above 50 °C.
2.3. Ambient noise
The background sound level (including any wind noise) shall be at
least 10 dB(A) less than the measured tyre-road sound emission. A suitable
windscreen may be fitted to the microphone provided that account is taken
of its effect on the sensitivity and directional characteristics of the
microphone.
Any measurement affected by a sound peak which appears to be
unrelated to the characteristics of the general sound level of tyres shall
be ignored.
2.4. Test vehicle requirements
2.4.1. General
The test vehicle shall be a motor vehicle and be fitted with four
single tyres on just two axles.
2.4.2. Vehicle load
The vehicle must be loaded such as to comply with the test tyre loads
as specified in section 2.5.2. below.
2.4.3. Wheelbase
The wheelbase between the two axles fitted with the test tyres shall
for Class C1 be less than 3,50 m and for Class C2 and Class C3 tyres be
less than 5 m.
2.4.4. Measures to minimise vehicle influence on sound level
measurements
To ensure that tyre noise is not significantly affected by the test
vehicle design the following requirements and recommendations are given.
Requirements:
(a) Spray suppression flaps or other extra device to suppress spray
shall not be fitted.
(b) Addition or retention of elements in the immediate vicinity of
the rims and tyres, which may screen the emitted sound, is not permitted.
(c) Wheel alignment (toe in, camber and castor) shall be in full
accordance with the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations.
(d) Additional sound absorbing material may not be mounted in the
wheel housings or under the underbody.
(e) Suspension shall be in such a condition that it does not result
in an abnormal reduction in ground clearance when the vehicle is loaded in
accordance with the testing requirement. If available, body level
regulation systems shall be adjusted to give a ground clearance during
testing which is normal for unladen condition.
Recommendations to avoid parasitic sound:
(a) Removal or modification of components on the vehicle that any
contribute to the background sound of the vehicle is recommended. Any
removals or modifications shall be recorded in the test report.
(b) During testing it should be ascertained that brakes are not
poorly released, causing brake noise.
(c) It should be ascertained that electric cooling fans are not
operating.
(d) Windows and sliding roof of the vehicle shall be closed during
testing.
2.5. Tyres
2.5.1. General
Four identical tyres of the same type and range must be fitted to the
test vehicle. In the case of tyres with a load capacity index in excess of
121 and without any dual fitting indication, two of these tyres of the
same type and range must be fitted to the rear axle of the test vehicle;
the front axle must be fitted with tyres of a size suitable for the axle
load and planed down to the minimum depth in order to minimise the
influence of tyre/road contact noise while maintaining a sufficient level
of safety. Winter tyres that in certain Member States may be equipped with
studs intended to enhance friction shall be tested without this equipment.
Tyres with special fitting requirements shall be tested in accordance with
these requirements (e.g. rotation direction). The tyres must have full
tread depth before being run-in. Tyres are to be tested on rims permitted
by the tyre manufacturer.
2.5.2. Tyre loads
The test load Qt for each tyre on the test vehicle shall be 50 % to
90 % of the reference load Qr, but the average test load Qt,avr of all
tyres shall be 75 % +- 5 % of the reference load Qr.
For all tyres the reference load Qr corresponds to the maximum mass
associated with the load capacity index of the tyre. In the case where the
load capacity index is constituted by two numbers divided by slash (/),
reference shall be made to the first number.
2.5.3. Tyre inflation pressure
Each tyre fitted on the test vehicle shall have a test pressure Pt
not higher than the reference pressure Pr and within the interval:
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.003701.TIF">
where Pr is the pressure corresponding to the pressure index marked
on the sidewall.
For Class C1 the reference pressure is Pr = 250 kPa for "standard"
tyres and 290 kPa for "reinforced" tyres, the minimum test
pressure shall be Pt = 150 kPa.
2.5.4. Preparations prior to testing
The tyres should be "run-in" prior to testing to remove
compound nodules or other tyre pattern characteristics resulting from the
moulding process. This will normally require the equivalent of about 100
km of normal use on the road.
The tyres fitted to the test vehicle shall rotate in the same
direction as when they were run-in.
Prior to testing tyres shall be warmed up by running under test
conditions.
3. Method of testing
3.1. General conditions
For all measurements the vehicle must be driven in a straight line
over the measuring section (AA' to BB') in such a way that the median
longitudinal plane of the vehicle is as close as possible to the line CC'.
When the front end of the test vehicle has reached the line AA', the
vehicle's driver must have put the gear selector on neutral position and
switched off the engine. If abnormal noise (e.g. ventilator,
self-ignition) is emitted by the test vehicle during the measurement, the
test must be repeated.
3.2. Nature and number of measurements
The maximum sound level expressed in A-weighted decibels (dB(A))
shall be measured to the first decimal place as the vehicle is coasting
between lines AA' and BB' (figure 1 - front end of the vehicle on line
AA', rear end of the vehicle on line BB'). This value will constitute the
result of the measurement.
At least four measurements shall be made on each side of the test
vehicle at test speeds lower than the reference speed specified in
paragraph 4.1. and at least four measurements at test speeds higher than
the reference speed. The speeds shall be approximately equally spaced over
the speed range specified in paragraph 3.3.
3.3. Test speeds
The test vehicle speeds shall be within the range:
(i) from 70 km/h to 90 km/h for Class C1 and Class C2 tyres;
(ii) from 60 km/h to 80 km/h for Class C3 tyres.
4. Interpretation of results
The measurement shall be invalid if an abnormal discrepancy between
the maximum value and the other values is recorded.
4.1. Determination of test result
Reference speed Vref used to determine the final result will be:
(i) 80 km/h for Class C1 and Class C2 tyres;
(ii) 70 km/h for Class C3 tyres.
4.2. Regression analysis of noise measurements
The (not temperature corrected) tyre-road noise level LR in dB(A) is
determined by a regression analysis according to:
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.003801.TIF">
where:
>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>
is the mean value of the noise levels Li, measured in dB(A):
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.003802.TIF">
n is the measurement number (n > = 16),
>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>
is the mean value of logarithms of speeds vi:
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.003901.TIF">
With
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.003902.TIF">
a is the slope of the regression line in dB(A):
PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.003903.TIF">
4.3. Temperature correction
For Class C2 tyres, the final result shall be normalised to a test
surface reference temperature href by applying a temperature correction,
according to the following:
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.003904.TIF">
where >ISO_7>è >ISO_1>is the measured test surface
temperature,
>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>
For Class C1 tyres, the coefficient K is - 0,03 dB(A)/°C when >ISO_7>è
> è>ISO_1>ref and K is - 0,06 dB(A)/°C when >ISO_7>è
<èref.
For Class C2 tyres, the coefficient K is - 0,02 dB(A)/°C If the
measured test surface temperature does not change by more than 5 °C
within all measurements necessary for the determination of the sound level
of one set of tyres, the temperature correction may be made only on the
final reported tyre-road sound level as indicated above, utilizing the
arithmetic mean value of the measured temperatures. Otherwise each
measured sound level Li shall be corrected, utilizing the temperature at
the time of the sound recording. There will be no temperature correction
for Class C3 tyres.
4.4. In order to take account of any measuring instrument
inaccuracies, the results according to section 4.3. shall be reduced by 1
dB(A).
4.5. The final result, the temperature corrected tyre-road noise
level LR(èref) in dB(A), shall be rounded down to the nearest lower
whole value.
Figure 1:
Microphone Positions for the Measurement
>ISO_1>> PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.004001.TIF">
Appendix 2
TEST REPORT
The test report shall include the following information:
(a) meteorological conditions inclusive of air and test surface
temperature for each test run,
(b) date and method of check on compliance of the test surface with
ISO 10844:1994,
(c) test rim width,
(d) tyre data: manufacturer, brand name, trade name, size, load
index, reference pressure,
(e) test vehicle description and wheelbase,
(f) type test load Qt in N and in per cent of the reference load Qr
for each test tyre, average test load Qt,avr in N and in per cent of the
reference load Qr,
(g) cold inflation pressure in kPa for each test tyre,
(h) test speeds when the vehicle passed line PP',
(i) maximum A-weighted sound levels for each test run and each
microphone,
(j) the test result LR: A-weighted sound level in decibel at
reference speed, corrected for temperature (if applicable), rounded down
to the nearest lower whole value.
(k) regression line slope."
9. The following Annex will be added:
"ANNEX VI
SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE TEST SITE
1. Introduction
This annex describes the specifications relating to the physical
characteristics and the laying of the test track. These specifications
based on a special standard(1) describe the required physical
characteristics as well as the test methods for these characteristics.
2. Required characteristics of the surface
A surface is considered to conform to this standard provided that the
texture and voids content or sound absorption coefficient have been
measured and found to fulfil all the requirements of sections 2.1. to 2.4.
below and provided that the design requirements (section 3.2.) have been
met.
2.1. Residual voids content
The residual voids content (VC) of the test track paving mixture
shall not exceed 8 %. For the measurement procedure, see section 4.1.
2.2. Sound absorption coefficient
If the surface fails to comply with the residual voids content
requirement, the surface is acceptable only if its sound absorption
coefficient >ISO_7>á < = 0,10.
For the measurement procedure, see section 4.2. The requirement of
sections 2.1. and 2.2. is also met if only sound absorption has been
measured and found to be á < = 0.10.
Note:
The most relevant characteristic is the sound absorption, although
the residual voids content is more familiar among road constructors.
However, sound absorption needs to be measured only if the surface fails
to comply with the voids requirement. This is justified because the
residual voids content has relatively large uncertainties in terms of both
measurements and relevance and some surfaces may therefore erroneously be
rejected when based only on the voids measurement.
2.3. Texture depth
The texture depth (TD) measured according to the volumetric method
(see section 4.3. below) shall be:
>ISO_1>> REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>
2.4. Homogeneity of the surface
Every practical effort shall be taken to ensure that the surface is
made to be as homogeneous as possible within the test area. This includes
the texture and voids content, but it should also be observed that if the
rolling process results in more effective rolling at some places than
others, the texture may be different and unevenness causing bumps may also
occur.
2.5. Period of testing
In order to check whether the surface continues to conform to the
texture and voids content or sound absorption requirements stipulated in
this Annex, periodic testing of the surface shall be carried out at the
following intervals:
(a) For residual voids content (VC) or sound absorption (>ISO_7>á):
>ISO_1>when the surface is new; if the surface meets the
requirements when new, no further periodical testing is required. If it
does not meet the requirement when it is new, it may do so later because
surfaces tend to become clogged and compacted with time.
(b) For texture depth (TD):
when the surface is new;
when the noise testing starts (NB: not before four weeks after
laying); then every twelve months.
3. Test surface design
3.1. Area
When designing the test track layout it is important to ensure that,
as a minimum requirement, the area traversed by the vehicles running
through the test strip is covered with the specified test material with
suitable margins for safe and practical driving. This will require that
the width of the track is at least 3 m and the length of the track extends
beyond lines AA and BB by at least 10 m at either end. Figure 1 shows a
plan of a suitable test site and indicates the minimum area which shall be
machine laid and machine compacted with the specified test surface
material. According to Annex 5, Appendix 1, section 3.2., measurements
have to be made on each side of the vehicle. This can be made either by
measuring with two microphone locations (one on each side of the track)
and driving in one direction, or measuring with a microphone only on one
side of the track but driving the vehicle in two directions. If the latter
method is used, then there are no surface requirements on that side of the
track where there is no microphone.
Figure 1
Minimum requirements for test surface area
The shaded part is called "Test Area".
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.004201.TIF">
3.2. Design and preparation of the surface
3.2.1. Basic design requirements
The test surface shall meet four design requirements:
3.2.1.1. It shall be a dense asphaltic concrete.
3.2.1.2. The maximum chipping size shall be 8 mm (tolerances allow
from 6,3 mm to 10 mm).
3.2.1.3. The thickness of the wearing course shall be > = 30 mm.
3.2.1.4. The binder shall be a straight penetration grade bitumen
without modification.
3.2.2. Design guidelines
As a guide to the surface constructor, an aggregate grading curve
which will give desired characteristics is shown in Figure 2. In addition,
Table 1 gives some guidelines in order to obtain the desired texture and
durability. The grading curve fits the following formula:
>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>
where:
d = square mesh sieve size, in mm
dmax = 8 mm for the mean curve
= 10 mm for the lower tolerance curve
= 6,3 mm for the upper tolerance curve
Figure 2:
Grading curve of the aggregate in the asphaltic mix with tolerances
>PIC FILE= "L_2001211EN.004301.TIF">
In addition to the above, the following recommendations are made: (a)
The sand fraction (0,063 mm < square mesh sieve size < 2 mm) shall
include no more than 55 % natural sand and at least 45 % crushed sand.
(b) The base and sub-base shall ensure a good stability and evenness,
according to best road construction practice.
(c) The chippings shall be crushed (100 % crushed faces) and of a
material with a high resistance to crushing.
(d) The chippings used in the mix shall be washed.
(e) No extra chippings shall be added onto the surface.
(f) The binder hardness expressed as PEN value shall be 40-60, 60-80
or even 80-100 depending on the climatic conditions of the country. The
rule is that as hard a binder as possible shall be used, provided this is
consistent with common practice.
(g) The temperature of the mix before rolling shall be chosen so as
to achieve by subsequent rolling the required voids content. In order to
increase the probability of satisfying the specifications of sections 2.1.
to 2.4. above, the compactness shall be studied not only by an appropriate
choice of mixing temperature, but also by an appropriate number of
passings and by the choice of compacting vehicle.
Table 1
Design guidelines
>TABLE POSITION>
4. Test method
4.1. Measurement of the residual voids content
For the purpose of this measurement, cores have to be taken from the
track in at least four different positions which are equally distributed
in the test area between lines AA and BB (see figure 1). In order to avoid
non-homogeneity and unevenness in the wheel tracks, cores should not be
taken in wheel tracks themselves, but close to them. Two cores (minimum)
should be taken close to the wheel tracks and one core (minimum) should be
taken approximately midway between the wheel tracks and each microphone
location.
If there is a suspicion that the condition of homogeneity is not met
(see section 2.4.), cores shall be taken from more locations within the
test area.
The residual voids content has to be determined for each core, then
the average value from all cores shall be calculated and compared with the
requirement of section 2.1. In addition, no single core shall have a voids
value which is higher than 10 %.
The test surface constructor is reminded of the problem which may
arise when the test area is heated by pipes or electrical wires and cores
must be taken from this area. Such installations must be carefully planned
with respect to future core drilling locations. It is recommended to leave
a few locations of size approximately 200 mm x 300 mm where there are no
wires/pipes or where the latter are located deep enough in order not to be
damaged by cores taken from the surface layer.
4.2. Sound absorption coefficient
The sound absorption coefficient (normal incidence) shall be measured
by the impedance tube method using the procedure specified in ISO 10534-1:
"Acoustics - Determination of sound absorption coefficient and
impedance by a tube method"(2).
Regarding test specimens, the same requirements shall be followed as
regarding the residual voids content (see section 4.1). The sound
absorption shall be measured in the range between 400 Hz and 800 Hz and in
the range between 800 Hz and 1600 Hz (at least at the centre frequencies
of third octave bands) and the maximum values shall be identified for both
of these frequency ranges. Then these values, for all test cores, shall be
averaged to constitute the final result.
4.3. Volumetric macrotexture measurement
For the purpose of this standard, texture depth measurements shall be
made on at least 10 positions evenly spaced along the wheel tracks of the
test strip and the average value taken to compare with the specified
minimum texture depth. See Standard ISO 10844:1994 for description of the
procedure.
5. Stability in time and maintenance
5.1. Age influence
In common with any other surfaces, it is expected that the tyre-road
noise level measured on the test surface may increase slightly during the
first 6 - 12 months after construction.
The surface will achieve its required characteristics not earlier
than four weeks after construction. The influence of age on the noise from
trucks is generally less than that from cars.
Stability over time is determined mainly by polishing and compaction
by vehicles driving on the surface. It shall be periodically checked as
stated in section 2.5.
5.2. Maintenance of the surface
Loose debris or dust which could significantly reduce the effective
texture depth must be removed from the surface. In countries with winter
climates, salt is sometimes used for de-icing. Salt may alter the surface
temporarily or even permanently in such a way as to increase noise and is
therefore not recommended.
5.3. Repaving the test area
If it is necessary to repave the test track, it is usually
unnecessary to repave more than the test strip (of 3 m width in figure 1)
where vehicles are driving, provided the test area outside the strip met
the requirement of residual voids content or sound absorption when it was
measured.
6. Documentation of the test surface and of tests performed on it
6.1. Documentation of the test surface
The following data shall be given in a document describing the test
surface:
6.1.1. The location of the test track.
6.1.2. Type of binder, binder hardness, type of aggregate, maximum
theoretical density of the concrete (DR), thickness of the wearing course
and grading curve determined from cores from the test track.
6.1.3. Method of compaction (e.g. type of roller, roller mass, number
of passes).
6.1.4. Temperature of the mix, temperature of the ambient air and
wind speed during laying of the surface.
6.1.5. Date when the surface was laid and contractor.
6.1.6. All or at least the latest test result, including:
6.1.6.1. the residual voids content of each core;
6.1.6.2. the locations in the test area from where the cores for
voids measurements have been taken;
6.1.6.3. the sound absorption coefficient of each core (if measured).
Specify the results both for each core and each frequency range as well as
the overall average;
6.1.6.4. the locations in the test area from where the cores for
absorption measurement have been taken;
6.1.6.5. texture depth, including the number of tests and standard
deviation;
6.1.6.6. the institution responsible for tests according to sections
6.1.6.1. and 6.1.6.2. and the type of equipment used;
6.1.6.7. date of the test(s) and date when the cores were taken from
the test track.
6.2. Documentation of vehicle noise tests conducted on the surface In
the document describing the vehicle noise test(s) it shall be stated
whether all the requirements of this standard were fulfilled or not.
Reference shall be made to a document according to section 6.1. describing
the results which verify this.
(1) ISO 10844:1994 If a different test surface is defined by ISO, in
the future, the reference standard will be amended accordingly.
(2) To be published."